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7 . a E D I C I ÓN

WYLLIE TRATAMIENTO DE EPILEPSIA PRINCIPIOS Y PRÁCTICA

Editora principal Elaine Wyllie, MD Professor of Neurology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute

Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio

Editores asociados Barry E. Gidal, PharmD, FAES Professor Department of Neurology School of Pharmacy Chair, Pharmacy Practice Division University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Howard P. Goo d kin, MD, PhD The Shure Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics University of Virginia Chair, Department of Neurology Director, Division of Pediatric Neurology Department of Neurology University of Virginia Health Charlottesville, Virginia Tobias Loddenkemper, MD Professor, Department of Neurology Harvard Medical School Director of Clinical Research, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts SAMPLE Lara Jehi, MD, MHCDS Professor of Neurology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Chief Research Information Officer Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio

Av. Carrilet, 3, 9. a planta, Edificio D - Ciutat de la Justícia 08902 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (España) Tel.: 93 344 47 18 Fax: 93 344 47 16 e-mail: consultas@wolterskluwer.com

Revisión científica Dr. Luis Dávila Maldonado Posgrado en Neurología Clínica y Diplomado de Alta Especialidad en Neurooncología. Jefe de la Unidad de Educación para la Salud, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México Dra. Laura Elena Hernández Vanegas Especialidad Médica en Neurología y Alta Especialidad en Epileptología Clínica. Investigador en Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de Investigación Clínica, Clínica de Epilepsia, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México Dr. Bardo Andrés Lira Mendoza Especialista en Medicina de Urgencias y Medicina de Aviación, Coordinador de Ambulancia Aérea, Hospital General Dr. Mario Madrazo, IMSS, México Dra. Adriana Patricia Martínez Mayorga Neurología clínica, Subespecialidad en Neurofisiología Clínica. Jefe del Departamento de Neurofisiología del Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Priesto, San Luis Potosí, México Ildefonso Rodríguez Leyva, MD, MsC, PhD Jefe de Neurología, Hospital Central, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, México Dr. Antonio Soto Paulino Coordinador de Enseñanza del Departamento de Anatomía. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México

Traducción Mónica Consuelo Ayala Gómez. Traductora profesional Luz María Méndez Álvarez. Traductora profesional Arturo Alberto Peña Reyes. Traductor y editor profesional Dinorah Soberanes Rodríguez. Traductora profesional Dirección editorial: Carlos Mendoza Editora de desarrollo: María Teresa Zapata Gerente de mercadotecnia: Simon Kears Cuidado de la edición: Doctores de Palabras Diseño de portada: Jesús Esteban Mendoza Impresión: C&C Offset Printing Co. Ltd. / Impreso en China

Se han adoptado las medidas oportunas para confirmar la exactitud de la información presentada y describir la práctica más aceptada. No obstante, los autores, los redactores y el editor no son responsables de los errores u omisiones del texto ni de las consecuencias que se deri- ven de la aplicación de la información que incluye, y no dan ninguna garantía, explícita o implícita, sobre la actualidad, integridad o exacti- tud del contenido de la publicación. Esta publicación contiene información general relacionada con tratamientos y asistencia médica que no debería utilizarse en pacientes individuales sin antes contar con el consejo de un profesional médico, ya que los tratamientos clínicos que se describen no pueden considerarse recomendaciones absolutas y universales. El editor ha hecho todo lo posible para confirmar y respetar la procedencia del material que se reproduce en este libro y su copyright. En caso de error u omisión, se enmendará en cuanto sea posible. Algunos fármacos y productos sanitarios que se presentan en esta publicación sólo tienen la aprobación de la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) para uso limitado al ámbito experimental. Compete al profesional sanitario averiguar la situación de cada fármaco o producto sanitario que pretenda utilizar en su práctica clínica, por lo que aconsejamos consultar con las autoridades sanitarias competentes. Derecho a la propiedad intelectual (C. P. Art. 270) Se considera delito reproducir, plagiar, distribuir o comunicar públicamente, en todo o en parte, con ánimo de lucro y en perjuicio de ter- ceros, una obra literaria, artística o científica, o su transformación, interpretación o ejecución artística fijada en cualquier tipo de soporte o comunicada a través de cualquier medio, sin la autorización de los titulares de los correspondientes derechos de propiedad intelectual o de sus cesionarios. Reservados todos los derechos. Copyright de la edición en español © 2022 Wolters Kluwer ISBN de la edición en español: 978-84-18257-50-6 Depósito legal: M-21445-2021 Edición en español de la obra original en lengua inglesa Wyllie’s Treatment of Epilepsy , 7. a edición, editada por Elaine Wyllie, publicada por Wolters Kluwer Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Two Commerce Square 2001 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 ISBN de la edición original: 978-14-96397-69-0 SAMPLE

DEDICATORIA

A mi compañero de vida y baile, el Dr. Robert Wyllie; a todos los increíbles colaboradores de la Cleveland Clinic y a las personas que nos confían su cuidado.

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ACERCA DE LA AUTORA

La Dra. Elaine Wyllie, Professor of Neurology en la Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, es especialista en epilepsia en la Cleveland Clinic, que ofrece tratamientos de vanguardia para niños de todo el mundo. Las siete ediciones de Wyllie. Tratamiento de epilepsia es uno de sus logros distintivos. También es autora de The Cleveland Clinic Guide to Epilepsy , de referencia imprescindi- ble para el público no especializado. La Dra. Wyllie ha publicado más de 250 informes científicos y sus contribuciones al campo han sido reconocidas con honores, incluido el prestigioso Premio a la Investigación de la American Epilepsy Society. La Dra. Wyllie también recibió el codiciado premio Master Clinic de la Cleveland Clinic, que se otorga a un solo médico, una vez al año, por su com- promiso con la atención excepcional al paciente. Recientemente se ha vuelto activa en las redes sociales y es autora de un blog perió- dico sobre la epilepsia para US News & World Report . Cleveland Clinic la ha destacado en una serie de videos educativos sobre la epilepsia disponibles en www.clevelandclinic.org/epilepsy. En su vida personal, la Dra. Wyllie es una dedicada esposa, madre y bailarina de salón. Al equilibrar con éxito la salud fami- liar, laboral y personal, a lo largo de su productiva carrera, espera animar e inspirar a los médicos jóvenes a perseguir apasiona- damente sus propias metas profesionales.

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COLABORADORES

Nicholas S. Abend, MD, MSCE Associate Professor of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Director of Clinical Neurophysiology and Attending Neurologist

Tim A. Benke, MD, PhD Ponzio Family Endowed Chair in Neurology Research Medical Director, Rett Clinic Research Director, Neuroscience Institute Children’s Hospital Colorado Professor of Pediatrics, Neurology, Pharmacology & Otolaryngology School of Medicine University of Colorado Aurora, Colorado

Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Hamada Hamid Altalib, DO, MPH, FAES Associate Professor Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine Director, Yale Epilepsy Outcomes Research Director, Epilepsy Center of Excellence Connecticut Veterans Affairs Healthcare System West Haven, Connecticut

Gregory K. Bergey, MD Director, Johns Hopkins Epilepsy Center Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore, Maryland

Anne T. Berg, PhD Research Professor Division of Neurology & Epilepsy Department of Pediatrics Northwestern-Feinberg School of Medicine Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Chicago, Illinois

Gail D. Anderson, PhD Professor Department of Pharmacy School of Pharmacy University of Washington Seattle, Washington

Andrea Bernasconi, MD Professor of Neurology

Erika Takle Axeen, MD Assistant Professor Neurology Department University of Virginia School of Medicine UVA Health Charlottesville, Virginia

Director, Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Jacquelyn L. Bainbridge, BSPharm, PharmD, FCCP, MSCS, FAES Professor Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Neurology School of Medicine University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, Colorado SAMPLE Melissa Barker-Haliski, PhD Research Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacy University of Washington Seattle, Washington Christian G. Bien, MD Professor Department of Krankenhaus Mara Epilepsy Center Bethel Bielefeld, Germany Jeffrey R. Binder, MD Professor, Vice Chair for Research Departments of Neurology and Biophysics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin William E. Bingaman, MD Director, Epilepsy Surgical Program Professor of Neurological Surgery Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University

Lisa M. Bateman, MD, FRCPC Associate Professor of Neurology at CUIMC Department of Neurology

Vice Chairman Neurological Institute Department of Neurological Surgery

Columbia University New York, New York

Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio

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Colaboradores

Angela K. Birnbaum, Ph.D. Professor Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology

José E. Cavazos, MD, PhD Professor of Neurology, Neuroscience and Physiology Assistant Dean and Director South Texas Medical Scientist Training Program University of Texas Health San Antonio

University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota

San Antonio, Texas Alvin Y. Chan, MD Resident Physician Department of Neurological Surgery University of California Irvine, California Patrick Chauvel, MD Professor of Medicine & Staff Neurologist Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute

Ingmar Blümcke, MD Professor of neuropathology and Head of Department Department of Neuropathology University Hospitals Erlangen Erlangen, Germany Leonardo Bonilha, MD, PhD Admiral Pihl Professor of Neurology Smart State Endowed Chair for Neuroimaging Director of the MUSC Comprehensive Epilepsy Center Director of the MUSC Language and Aphasia Clinic Department of Neurology Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina

Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio

Robert R. Clancy, MD Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Jeannine M. Conway, PharmD Associate Professor Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Associate Dean of Professional Education, College of Pharmacy

Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Professor of Neurology Chair, Epilepsy Division Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota Amy Brooks-Kayal, MD

Professor of Pediatrics, Neurology & Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Colorado Chief and Ponzio Family Chair in Pediatric Neurology Children’s Hospital Colorado Aurora, Colorado Juan C. Bulacio, MD Director, SEEG Program Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Richard C. Burgess, MD, PhD Professor (Adjunct), Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Professor (Adjunct), Case Western Reserve University

University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota Amy Z. Crepeau, MD Assistant Professor Division of EEG and Epilepsy Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic Arizona Phoenix, Arizona Daniel J. Curry, MD Associate Professor, Neurological Surgery Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery

Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas

Professor (Adjunct), Cleveland State University Director, Magnetoencephalography Laboratory Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center Cleveland, Ohio David B. Burkholder, MD Assistant Professor of Neurology Division of Epilepsy Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota Richard W. Byrne, MD Professor and Chairman Department of Neurosurgery Rush Medical College Chicago, Illinois Chad Carlson, MD Professor of Neurology Medical College of Wisconsin Co-Director, Comprehensive Epilepsy Program Froedtert Hospital Milwaukee, Wisconsin NYU School of Medicine Director, Epilepsy Center NYU Langone Medical Center New York, New York SAMPLE Darryl C. De Vivo, MD Professor of Neurology Professor of Pediatrics Director Emeritus of Child Neurology Service Department of Neurology and Pediatrics Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York City, New York Norman Delanty, MD, FRCPI Consultant Neurologist Beaumont Hospital Associate Professor School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences FutureNeuro Research Centre Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin, Ireland Orrin Devinsky, MD Professor of Neurology, Neuroscience, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

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Colaboradores

Monica B. Dhakar, MD, MS Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology Associate Director, Epilepsy and EEG Service, Grady Memorial Hospital Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia Beate Diehl, MD, PhD, FRCP Associate Professor Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London Consultant Neurologist, Clinical Neurophysiologist National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Department of Clinical Neurophysiology London, United Kingdom Ding Ding, MPH, PhD Associate Professor Institute of Neurology Fudan University Huashan Hospital Shanghai, China Sasha Dionisio, MD Associate Professor of Medicine University of Queensland & Griffith University Head of Mater Advanced Epilepsy Unit Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Joseph F. Drazkowski, MD Professor of Neurology Associate Dean of Student Affairs Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine Mayo Clinic Phoenix, Arizona François Dubeau, MD Associate Professor Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital McGill University Health Center McGill University Montréal, Québec, Canada Michael Duchowny, MD Academic Chair in Comprehensive Epilepsy Department of Neurology

Tatiana Falcone, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute

Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio

Edward Faught, MD Professor of Neurology

Emory University School of Medicine Director, Emory Epilepsy Program Atlanta, Georgia

Iván Sánchez Fernández, MD, MPH, MBI Epilepsy Fellow Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology

Department of Neurology Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts

Jessica R. Fesler, MD Assistant Professor of Neurology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute

Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio

Sarah N. Fischer, PharmD, MSCS Clinical Neurology Research Fellow

Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Neurology Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Colorado Aurora, Colorado Robert S. Fisher, MD, PhD Maslah Saul MD Professor of Neurology Director, Stanford Epilepsy Center Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, California Nancy Foldvary-Schaefer, DO, MS Neurological Institute Cleveland Clinic Professor of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Director, Sleep Disorders Center Staff, Epilepsy Center Cleveland, Ohio

Nicklaus Children’s Hospital Clinical Professor of Neurology Wertheim College of Medicine Florida International University Miami, Florida Children’s National Medical Center Washington, District of Columbia SAMPLE Stephan Eisenschenk, MD Associate Professor of Neurology University of Florida Director of Epilepsy Center of Excellence in Neurology North Florida/South Georgia VAMC Gainesville, Florida Christian E. Elger, MD, PhD Senior Professor for Pediatric Neurology Charite, Berlin Berlin, Germany Professor Emeritus for Epileptology University Bonn Head Physician Beta Neurology Bonn, Germany Jacqueline A. French, MD Professor, Department of Neurology NYU Grossman School of Medicine Attending Physician, Department of Neurology NYU Langone Medical Center New York, New York William Davis Gaillard, MD Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology George Washington University Chief Child Neurology Center for Neurosciences

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Colaboradores

Nicolas Gaspard, MD, PhD Professor of Neurology and Head Department of Neurology Université Libre de Bruxelles–Hôpital Erasme Brussels, Belgium Jay R. Gavvala, MD, MSCI Assistant Professor Department of Neurology–Neurophysiology Baylor College of Medicine Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center Houston, Texas

Ali Gorji, MD Professor Director of Epilepsy Research Center Neurosurgery Department University of Münster Münster, Germany Camilo I. García Gracia, MD Clinical Instructor Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Head of Epilepsy Monitoring Unit Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute Cleveland Clinic Florida Weston, Florida Olesya Grinenko, MD, PhD Professor of Neurologist Neurological Institute Mercy Health Grand Rapids, Michigan L. John Greenfield Jr, MD, PhD Professor and Chair of Neurology University of Connecticut School of Medicine Chief of Neurology, UConn Health

Deana M. Gazzola, MD Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Neurology Director, Clinical Neurophysiology Fellowship Program New York University Grossman School of Medicine Director, Adult Inpatient Epilepsy Monitoring Unit NYU Langone Medical Center New York, New York

Barry E. Gidal, PharmD, FAES Professor Department of Neurology School of Pharmacy Chair, Pharmacy Practice Division University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin

Farmington, Connecticut Varda Gross-Tsur, MD

Professor of Pediatric Neurology Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem, Israel Carlos A. M. Guerreiro, MD Professor of Neurology Department of Neurology University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas, Brazil Marilisa M. Guerreiro, MD, PhD Professor of Child Neurology Department of Neurology University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas, Brazil

Andrew J. Gienapp, BA Program Coordinator, Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital

Medical Editor, Department of Neurosurgery University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee

Ezequiel Gleichgerrcht, MD, PhD Department of Neurology Epilepsy Fellow Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina Cristina Go, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) University of Toronto

Epileptologist and Clinical Neurophysiologist Director, VNS and Neuromodulation Program Department of Neurology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada Jorge A. González-Martínez, MD, PhD Professor of Neurological Surgery and Neurology Director, Epilepsy and Movement Disorders Surgery Co-Director, Epilepsy Center Howard P. Goodkin, MD, PhD The Shure Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics University of Virginia Chair, Department of Neurology Director, Division of Pediatric Neurology Department of Neurology University of Virginia Health Charlottesville, Virginia Andreas Hahn, MD Professor of Pediatrics Vice Director, Department of Child Neurology Justus-Liebig-University Gießen Giessen, Germany SAMPLE University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Renzo Guerrini, MD, FRCP Professor Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology and Child Health University of Florence Department Head Neuroscience Department Children’s Hospital A. Meyer Florence, Italy Ajay Gupta, MD Head, Pediatric Epilepsy Professor, Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Director, Tuberous Sclerosis Program Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio

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Colaboradores

Emily L. Johnson, MD Assistant Professor Neurology Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Stephen E. Jones, MD, PhD Vice-Chairman for Research and Academic Affairs Neuroradiology, Imaging Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Andres M. Kanner, MD, FANA, FAES, FAAN Professor of Clinical Neurology Director, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center and Head, Section of Epilepsy

Stephen Hantus, MD Director of Continuous EEG and Epilepsy Consult Service

Epilepsy Center Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio

Cynthia L. Harden, MD Professor of Neurologist Therapeutic Head of Epilepsy

Department of Clinical Development Affiliated with Multiple Hospitals New York, New York David P. Harris, MD Clinical Instructor, Department of Neurology Medical Director, Critical Care EEG

Department of Neurology Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Miami, Florida Patrick J. Karas, MD Resident, Neurological Surgery Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas John F. Kerrigan, MD

University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan

Christianne N. Heck, MD, MMM, FAES Professor of Clinical Neurology and Engineering Department of Neurology Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Chief of Neurology and Epilepsy, Co-Director of USC Center for Neurorestoration Department of Neurology

Keck Hospitals of USC Los Angeles, California

Associate Professor of Child Health and Neurology University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix Medical Director, Pediatric Epilepsy Program and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital Phoenix, Arizona A. Basit Khan, MD Resident, Neurological Surgery

Matthew T. Hoerth, MD Assistant Professor of Neurology Epilepsy and Electroencephalography Mayo Clinic Phoenix, Arizona

Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas Pavel Klein, MB, BChir Director, Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center Bethesda, Maryland Clinical Professor, Neurology

Molly M. Huntsman, PhD Associate Professor Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pediatrics Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Medicine University of Colorado Aurora, Colorado

The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia

Lara Jehi, MD, MHCDS Professor of Neurology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Chief Research Information Officer Director, Child Neurology Residency Program Medical Director, Pediatric Ketogenic Diet Center Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland SAMPLE Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Nathalie Jetté, MD, MSc, FRCPC Professor of Neurology and Population Health Science & Policy Chief, Division of Health Outcomes and Knowledge Translation Research Bluhdorn Professor of International Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Mount Sinai Health System New York, New York Svein I. Johannessen, PhD Senior Researcher Emeritus The National Center for Epilepsy Department of Pharmacology Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway Elia M. Pestana Knight, MD Associate Professor of Neurology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Staff Physician Epilepsy Center Neurological Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Kelly G. Knupp, MD, MSCS Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology University of Colorado Director of Dravet Program Co-Director of Neuroscience Institute Research Children’s Hospital Colorado Aurora, Colorado Eric H. W. Kossoff, MD Professor, Neurology and Pediatrics

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Colaboradores

Prakash Kotagal, MD Professor of Neurology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center Cleveland, Ohio Robert J. Kotloski, MD, PhD

Christine Linehan, MA, PhD Associate Professor & Director UCD Centre for Disability Studies School of Psychology University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland

Neurology and Epilepsy University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin

Tobias Loddenkemper, MD Professor, Department of Neurology Harvard Medical School Director of Clinical Research, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Rama Maganti, MD Professor Department of Neurology School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Susan E. Marino, PhD Associate Professor Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Riki Matsumoto, MD, PhD Professor and Chair Division of Neurology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe University Hospital Kobe, Japan University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota Kimford J. Meador, MD, FAAN, FAES, FRCPE Professor of Neurology & Neurological Sciences Director, Clinical Services, Stanford Comprehensive Epilepsy Program Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, California Robert A. McGovern, MD

Gregory L. Krauss, MD Professor of Neurology Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland Churl-Su Kwon, MD, MPH, FRSPH Fellow

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York Deepak K. Lachhwani, MBBS, MD Staff, Pediatric Epilepsy Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute

Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio W. Curt LaFrance Jr, MD, MPH

Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology, Alpert Medical School, Brown University Director of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital Providence, Rhode Island Sang-Hun Lee, PhD Assistant Research Professor Department of Neuroscience Epilepsy Research Center University of Kentucky College of Medicine Lexington, Kentucky Beth A. Leeman-Markowski, MD, MA, MMSc Clinical Assistant Professor Comprehensive Epilepsy Center Department of Neurology New York University Director, EEG Service VA New York Harbor Healthcare System–Manhattan New York, New York Louis Lemieux, BSc, MSc, PhD Professor of Physics Applied to Medicine UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy University College London London, United Kingdom Ilo E. Leppik, MD, FANN Professor of Pharmacy and Neurology Director, Epilepsy Research and Education Program

University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota Richard J. Leventer, FRACP, PhD Associate Professor Department of Neurology Royal Children’s Hospital Murdoch Children’s Research Institute University of Melbourne Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio SAMPLE Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery Assistant Residency Program Director University of Minnesota Medical School Staff Neurosurgeon Minneapolis VA Health Care System Minneapolis, Minnesota Scott Mintzer, MD Professor of Neurology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Eli M. Mizrahi, MD Chair, Department of Neurology Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics James A. Quigley Endowed Chair in Pediatric Neurology Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Ahsan N. V. Moosa, MD Assistant Professor of Neurology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute

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Colaboradores

John C. Mosher, PhD Professor and Scientific Director in Magnetoencephalography

Douglas R. Nordli Jr, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Neurology Co-Director, Neurosciences Institute Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Vice Chair, Neurology Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles, California Erin M. Okazaki, MD Clinical Instructor, Michigan State University

Department of Neurology McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, Texas Basanagoud Mudigoudar, MD Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics and Neurology Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee J. M. K. Murthy, MD, DM, FAMS, FAAN Professor and Head Department of Neurology

College of Human Medicine Neurosciences Department Spectrum Health Medical Group

Grand Rapids, Michigan Andre Palmini, MD, PhD Professor of Neurology Clinical Neurosciences Department School of Medicine Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) Head, Neurology Service Clinical Director, Porto Alegre Epilepsy Surgery Program Hospital São Lucas, PUCRS

CARE Hospitals Hyderabad, India Imad M. Najm, MD Professor of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Director, Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center

Porto Alegre, Brazil Sumit Parikh, MD Associate Professor of Neurology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Case Western Reserve University Director, Neurogenetics Center for Child Neurology Neuroscience Institute

Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Dileep Nair, MD Section Head of Adult Epilepsy

Epilepsy Center Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Silvia Neme-Mercante, MD Staff Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Bernd A. Neubauer, MD Professor Children’s Hospital University Clinic Giessen Chair, Department of Pediatric Neurology Giessen, Germany Katherine Nickels, MD

Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio

Philip N. Patsalos, FRCPath, PhD Professor of Clinical Pharmacology Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology

Professor of Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Unit Chalfont Centre of Epilepsy Chalfont St Peter London, United Kingdom Phillip L. Pearl, MD

Associate Professor of Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Attending Physician Divisions of Epilepsy and Child and Adolescent Neurology Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota Soheyl Noachtar, MD, FEAN Professor of Neurology Department of Neurology Ludwig-Maximilians-University Head, Epilepsy Center University of Munich Hospital Munich, Germany Professor of Neurology Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Piero Perucca, MD, PhD, FRACP Associate Professor Department of Neuroscience Central Clinical School Monash University Consultant Neurologist Department of Neurology The Royal Melbourne Hospital Consultant Neurologist Department of Neurology Alfred Health Melbourne, Victoria, Australia SAMPLE Katherine H. Noe, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Medical Director, EEG Laboratory and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit Mayo Clinic Arizona Phoenix, Arizona Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School Director of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology William G. Lennox Chair, Department of Neurology Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Page B. Pennell, MD, FAES Vice Chair of Academic Affairs, Department of Neurology Director of Research, Division of Epilepsy Brigham and Women’s Hospital

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Colaboradores

Bailey G. Salimes Undergraduate Student Department of Neuroscience Boston University Boston, Massachusetts Mentee Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Harvey B. Sarnat, MS, MD, FRCPC Professor of Paediatrics, Pathology (Neuropathology), and Clinical Neurosciences University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Paediatric Neurologist; Neuropathologist Paediatrics (Neurology) and Pathology & Laboratory Department of Neurology Harvard Medical School Chief Academic Officer Consortia for Improving Medicine with Innovation and Technology Boston, Massachusetts Stephan U. Schuele, MD, MPH Professor of Neurology, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Medical Director, Neurological Testing Center Northwestern Memorial Hospital Chicago, Illinois Medicine (Neuropathology) Alberta Children’s Hospital Calgary, Alberta, Canada Steven C. Schachter, MD Professor

Annapurna Poduri, MD, MPH Associate Professor, Department of Neurology Harvard Medical School Director, Epilepsy Genetics Program

Department of Neurology Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts

Bernd Pohlmann-Eden, MD, PhD Professor of Neurology Brain Repair Center Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Richard A. Prayson, MD, MEd Professor of Pathology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Section Head, Neuropathology

Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio

Vineet Punia, MD, MS Staff Physician Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute

Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio

Ramses Ribot, MD Assistant Professor of Clinical Neurology Epilepsy Division

Department of Neurology Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Miami, Florida

Michael A. Rogawski, MD, PhD Professor of Neurology and Pharmacology School of Medicine University of California, Davis Attending Physician, Department of Neurology UC Davis Health Sacramento, California William E. Rosenfeld, MD Director The Comprehensive Epilepsy Care Center for Children and Adults St. Louis, Missouri Paul M. Ruggieri, MD Professor of Radiology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University Head, Sections of Neuroradiology and MRI Clinical Nurse Specialist Department of Neurology Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, New York SAMPLE Imaging Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Kinshuk Sahaya, MD Adult Epileptologist Minnesota Epilepsy Group, P.A. St. Paul, Minnesota Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor, Neurology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, Arkansas Nitin K. Sethi, MD, MBBS, FAAN Associate Professor of Neurology New York-Presbyterian Hospital Weill Cornell Medical Center New York, New York Syndi A. Seinfeld, DO, FAAN Medical Director Pediatric Epilepsy Program Joe DiMaggio Children’s Hospital Neuroscience Center Hollywood, Florida Renée Shellhaas, MD, MS Clinical Professor of Pediatrics Director of Research Michigan Medicine Pediatric Neurology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Raj D. Sheth, MD Professor of Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Program Director, Pediatric Neurology Mayo Clinic Residency–Florida Chief of Neurology, Nemours Subspecialty Children’s Clinic Jacksonville, Florida Ruth C. Shinnar, RN, MSN

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Colaboradores

Shlomo Shinnar, MD, PhD Professor of Neurology, Pediatrics and Epidemiology and Population Health Hyman Climenko Professor of Neuroscience Research Director, Comprehensive Epilepsy Management Center Montefiore Medical Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York Gagandeep Singh, MD, DM, FAMS, FRCP Professor and Head Department of Neurology Dayanand Medical College Ludhiana, India Hon. Senior Lecturer Department of Clinical & Experimental Epilepsy Institute of Neurology London, United Kingdom Joseph I. Sirven, MD Professor and Chair Emeritus Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Florida Michael C. Smith, MD Professor, Department of Neurological Sciences

Claude Steriade, MD Assistant Professor Division of Epilepsy Department of Neurology New York University New York, New York

John M. Stern, MD Professor Director, Epilepsy Clinical Program Department of Neurology Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA

UCLA Medical Center Los Angeles, California

Andrey S. Stojic, MD, PhD Associate Director, General Neurology Staff, Epilepsy Center Clinical Professor of Neurology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Neurological Institute Swapna Surabhi, MD Epileptologist, Epilepsy Center of Excellence Malcolm Randall VA Medical Center Gainesville, Florida Charles Ákos Szabó, MD Professor and Chief of Epilepsy South Texas Comprehensive Epilepsy Center Co-Director Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio

Director, Rush Epilepsy Center Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois

O. Carter Snead III, MD Professor, Pediatrics, Medicine (Neurology), and Pharmacology

Department of Neurology UT Health San Antonio San Antonio, Texas

Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Clinician Scientist Division of Neurology Department of Pediatrics Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada Norman K. So, MBBChir Clinical Professor Department of Neurology

Jerzy P. Szaflarski, MD, PhD Professor of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Neurosurgery Director, UAB Epilepsy Center Senior Scientist, Comprehensive Neuroscience Center University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama

University of Washington School of Medicine University of Washington Medical Center Seattle, Washington Erwin-Josef Speckmann, Prof. Dr. med. Professor of Physiology (Neurophysiology) Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany Mark C. Spitz, MD Reulen-Lewin Family Professor of Neurology Chief Epilepsy Section Department of Neurology University of Colorado Denver, Colorado Martin Staudt, MD Professor of Developmental Neuroplasticity Department of Pediatric Neurology University Children’s Hospital Head of Center for Pediatric Neurology Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology Schöen Clinic Vogtareuth Tübingen, Germany Elizabeth A. Thiele, MD, PhD Professor of Neurology Harvard Medical School Director, Pediatric Epilepsy Program Director, Herscot Center for Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts SAMPLE Adriana S. Tanner, MD, FAES Associate Professor of Neurology Michigan State University Director, Epilepsy Center Mercy Health Hauenstein Neurosciences Grand Rapids, Michigan William O. Tatum, DO Professor of Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Health Sciences Director, Division of Epilepsy Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Florida

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Colaboradores

Timothy E. Welty, PharmD Professor and Director of Research, Innovation, and Global Initiatives College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Drake University Pharmacotherapy Specialist Neurology UnityPoint Health Des Moines, Iowa James W. Wheless, BScPharm, MD, FAAP, FACP, FAAN, FAES Professor and Chief of Pediatric Neurology Le Bonheur Chair in Pediatric Neurology University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Director, Le Bonheur Comprehensive Epilepsy Program & Neuroscience Institute Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital Memphis, Tennessee H. Steve White, BPharm, PhD Professor and Chair Department of Pharmacy School of Pharmacy University of Washington Seattle, Washington Samuel Wiebe, MD, MSc, FRCPC Professor Department of Clinical Neurosciences Director, Epilepsy Programme and Clinical Research Unit University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada Angus A. Wilfong, MD Professor, Child Health and Neurology University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix Professor and Chief, Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Pediatrics Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital Phoenix, Arizona Elaine C. Wirrell, MD, FRCP(C) Professor of Neurology Director of Pediatric Epilepsy Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota

Becky Bikat Tilahun, PhD Clinical Psychologist Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute

Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio

Dorothée G. A. Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité, MD, PhD, MPH Senior Researcher Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, The Netherlands Nesmos Department Faculty of Medicine and Psychology Sapienza University Rome, Italy Basim M. Uthman, MD Vice Chair for VA Affairs and Professor of Neurology Director, Clinical Neurophysiology Fellowship Program

University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Clinical Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience (Courtesy) Cornell University, Weill Cornell Medicine New York, New York Chief, Neurology Service Miami VA Healthcare System Miami, Florida Sumeet Vadera, MD, MBA Director of Epilepsy Surgery Associate Program Director Associate Professor of Neurological Surgery University of California, Irvine Orange, California

P. Emanuela Voinescu, MD, PhD Instructor of Neurology Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Britany Walls, PharmD, BCPPS Clinical Pharmacist Director, PGY1 Pharmacy Residency Norton Children’s Hospital Louisville, Kentucky

Yue Wang, MD, PhD Clinical Assistant Professor Division of Epilepsy Department of Neurology Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio SAMPLE University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Zhong Irene Wang, PhD Assistant Professor of Medicine Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Staff Scientist, Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute Joint Staff, Department of Biomedical Engineering Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Robert T. Wechsler, MD, PhD, FAES, FAAN Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology University of Washington Seattle, Washington Medical Director, Idaho Comprehensive Epilepsy Center Owner, Consultants in Epilepsy & Neurology, PLLC Boise, Idaho Pei Shieen Wong, PharmD Principal Clinical Pharmacist Singapore General Hospital Lecturer Department of Pharmacy National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore Courtney J. Wusthoff, MD, MS Associate Professor of Neurology & Neurological Sciences and Pediatrics–Neonatal and Developmental Medicine Stanford School of Medicine Neurology Director, NeuroNICU Director of Neurocritical Care Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford Palo Alto, California Elaine Wyllie, MD Professor of Neurology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute

PREFACIO

En el transcurso de las últimas dos décadas hemos perfeccionado este libro para proporcionar una revisión, bien equilibrada y pro- bada, que incorpore las últimas innovaciones en el abordaje y el tratamiento de la epilepsia. El plan de estudios completo está organizado de tal manera que el lector obtenga una comprensión integral de la evolución de los conceptos clave y los enfoques de tratamiento, con atisbos al futuro.

Yo, junto con los otros 216 autores del libro, los invito con entu- siasmo a disfrutar de esta 7. a edición.

Elaine Wyllie, MD Professor of Neurology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute

Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio

SAMPLE

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AGRADECIMIENTOS

Cualquier proyecto con estas proporciones es el resultado de un extraordinario trabajo en equipo. En principio, por supuesto, están los autores de renombre internacional. Aunque también son importantes los magníficos editores asociados, el Dr. Barry E. Gidal, el Dr. Howard P. Goodkin, la Dra. Lara Jehi y el Dr. Tobias Loddenkemper, quien guió cada capítulo hacia su forma final con

habilidad y cordialidad. Julie Kostelnik y Ariel S. Winter brindaron una asistencia editorial impecable, mientras que Bridgett Dougherty supervisó hábilmente la producción en cada paso. Finalmente, todo mi agradecimiento a mi esposo, el Dr. Robert Wyllie, Cleveland Clinic’s Chief of Medical Operations, editor de su propio libro de texto, Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease , ahora en su 6. a edición.

SAMPLE

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CONTENIDO

PARTE I EPIDEMIOLOGÍA, GENÉTICA Y MECANISMOS DE LA EPILEPTOGÉNESIS HOWARD P. GOODKIN, EDITOR ASOCIADO

Aspectos epidemiológicos de la epilepsia 2 CHRISTINE LINEHAN • ANNE T. BERG Evolución natural y pronóstico de la epilepsia 13 DING DING

CAPÍTULO 1

CAPÍTULO 2

Modelos experimentales de crisis, mecanismos del estado epiléptico y epileptogénesis 18 TIM A. BENKE • MOLLY M. HUNTSMAN • AMY BROOKS-KAYAL

CAPÍTULO 3

Elementos genéticos de las epilepsias 29 ERIKA TAKLE AXEEN • ANNAPURNA PODURI

CAPÍTULO 4

Atlas gráfico de los sustratos de la epilepsia 36 AJAY GUPTA • RICHARD A. PRAYSON

CAPÍTULO 5

PARTE II PRINCIPIOS BÁSICOS DE ELECTROENCEFALOGRAFÍA TOBIAS LODDENKEMPER, EDITOR ASOCIADO

Bases neurofisiológicas del electroencefalograma 53 ERWIN-JOSEF SPECKMANN • CHRISTIAN E. ELGER • ALI GORJI

CAPÍTULO 6

Localización y determinación del campo en electroencefalografía 68 RICHARD C. BURGESS Atlas electroencefalográfico de las anomalías epileptiformes 90 SOHEYL NOACHTAR • ELAINE WYLLIE

CAPÍTULO 7

CAPÍTULO 8

CAPÍTULO 9 Normas de calidad y logística para el establecimiento de una unidad de vigilancia de la epilepsia 130 DEEPAK K. LACHHWANI CAPÍTULO 14 Síndromes electroclínicos en lactantes 183 ELIA M. PESTANA KNIGHT SAMPLE PARTE III CRISIS Y SÍNDROMES EPILÉPTICOS SECCIÓN A SÍNDROMES ELECTROCLÍNICOS TOBIAS LODDENKEMPER, EDITOR ASOCIADO CAPÍTULO 10 Nuevas definiciones y clasificaciones de crisis epilépticas y epilepsias 137 ROBERT S. FISHER • TOBIAS LODDENKEMPER CAPÍTULO 11 Tipos de crisis y semiología 145 CLAUDE STERIADE • PATRICK CHAUVEL • PRAKASH KOTAGAL CAPÍTULO 12 Auras epilépticas 161 NORMAN K. SO CAPÍTULO 13 Redes epileptógenas focales 172 DILEEP NAIR • JUAN C. BULACIO • PATRICK CHAUVEL

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Contenido

CAPÍTULO 15 Síndromes electroclínicos en la infancia y la adolescencia 200 KATHERINE NICKELS • RENÉE SHELLHAAS • ELAINE WYLLIE • ELAINE WIRRELL

CAPÍTULO 16 Puntas y ondas continuas durante el sueño, incluido el síndrome de Landau-Kleffner 220 IVÁN SÁNCHEZ FERNÁNDEZ • TOBIAS LODDENKEMPER

CAPÍTULO 17 Epilepsia con crisis reflejas 230

DOROTHÉE G. A. • KASTELEIJN-NOLST TRENITÉ

SECCIÓN B CAUSAS ESPECÍFICAS HOWARD P. GOODKIN, EDITOR ASOCIADO

CAPÍTULO 18 Esclerosis hipocámpica y enfermedad dual 245 OLESYA GRINENKO • INGMAR BLÜMCKE • IMAD M. NAJM CAPÍTULO 19 Malformaciones del desarrollo cortical y epilepsia 252 RICHARD J. LEVENTER • RENZO GUERRINI

CAPÍTULO 20 Displasias corticales focales: nuevos conceptos neuropatológicos 263 HARVEY B. SARNAT

CAPÍTULO 21 Tumores cerebrales y epilepsia 272 LARA JEHI • INGMAR BLÜMCKE CAPÍTULO 22 Epilepsia postraumática 284 JAY R. GAVVALA • STEPHAN U. SCHUELE

CAPÍTULO 23 Epilepsia y accidentes cerebrovasculares 298

CHARLES ÁKOS SZABÓ • STEPHEN HANTUS • BERND POHLMANN-EDEN

CAPÍTULO 24 Epilepsia y síndromes neurocutáneos 306 PHILLIP L. PEARL • AJAY GUPTA

CAPÍTULO 25 Epilepsia y trastornos hereditarios metabólicos y mitocondriales 317 SUMIT PARIKH • DOUGLAS R. NORDLI JR • DARRYL C. DE VIVO

CAPÍTULO 26 Epilepsias mioclónicas progresivas 344 BERND A. NEUBAUER • ANDREAS HAHN

CAPÍTULO 27 Infecciones del sistema nervioso central y epilepsia 359 GAGANDEEP SINGH • J. M. K. MURTHY

CAPÍTULO 28 Epilepsia y encefalitis autoinmunitarias 369

CLAUDE STERIADE • NICOLAS GASPARD • AHSAN N. V. MOOSA

CAPÍTULO 29 Encefalitis de Rasmussen 380 CHRISTIAN G. BIEN • FRANÇOIS DUBEAU CAPÍTULO 34 Crisis epilépticas asociadas con afecciones no neurológicas 430 STEPHAN EISENSCHENK • SWAPNA SURABHI • YUE WANG SAMPLE SECCIÓN C DIAGNÓSTICO Y TRATAMIENTO DE LAS CRISIS EN SITUACIONES CLÍNICAS ESPECIALES HOWARD P. GOODKIN, EDITOR ASOCIADO CAPÍTULO 30 Crisis febriles y epilepsia hereditaria con crisis febriles plus (EHCF+) 392 SYNDI A. SEINFELD • MICHAEL DUCHOWNY CAPÍTULO 31 Abordaje del paciente con una primera crisis 398 EMILY L. JOHNSON • GREGORY K. BERGEY CAPÍTULO 32 Crisis neonatales y electroencefalografía 404 COURTNEY J. WUSTHOFF • ELI M. MIZRAHI • ROBERT R. CLANCY • ELIA M. PESTANA KNIGHT CAPÍTULO 33 Epilepsia en adultos mayores 421 ANDREY S. STOJIC • CAMILO I. GARCÍA GRACIA • LARA JEHI • ILO E. LEPPIK

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Contenido

CAPÍTULO 35 Sueño y epilepsia 439

NANCY FOLDVARY-SCHAEFER • SILVIA NEME-MERCANTE

CAPÍTULO 36 Estado epiléptico 449

VINEET PUNIA • HOWARD P. GOODKIN

CAPÍTULO 37 Electroencefalografía y crisis en la unidad de cuidados intensivos 464 STEPHEN HANTUS • NICHOLAS S. ABEND

SECCIÓN D DIAGNÓSTICO DIFERENCIAL DE LA EPILEPSIA LARA JEHI, EDITORA ASOCIADA

CAPÍTULO 38 Crisis psicógenas no epilépticas 473

W. CURT LAFRANCE JR • HAMADA HAMID ALTALIB • BECKY BIKAT TILAHUN

CAPÍTULO 39 Otros trastornos paroxísticos no epilépticos 483 ELIA M. PESTANA KNIGHT • ADRIANA S. TANNER

PARTE IV FÁRMACOS ANTIEPILÉPTICOS

SECCIÓN A PRINCIPIOS GENERALES DE LA TERAPIA CON ANTIEPILÉPTICOS BARRY E. GIDAL, EDITOR ASOCIADO

CAPÍTULO 40 Desarrollo de fármacos antiepilépticos y modelos experimentales 503 MELISSA BARKER-HALISKI • H. STEVE WHITE

CAPÍTULO 41 Mecanismos de acción de los antiepilépticos 509 MICHAEL A. ROGAWSKI • JOSÉ E. CAVAZOS CAPÍTULO 42 Farmacocinética e interacciones farmacológicas 520 GAIL D. ANDERSON CAPÍTULO 43 Inicio y suspensión de los fármacos antiepilépticos 531 VARDA GROSS-TSUR • RUTH C. SHINNAR • SHLOMO SHINNAR

CAPÍTULO 44 Tratamiento de las crisis repetitivas agudas 544 IVÁN SÁNCHEZ FERNÁNDEZ • TOBIAS LODDENKEMPER

CAPÍTULO 45 Hormonas, epilepsia catamenial, función sexual, salud reproductiva y ósea en la epilepsia 553 NITIN K. SETHI • CYNTHIA L. HARDEN

CAPÍTULO 46 Tratamiento de la epilepsia durante el embarazo 561 PAGE B. PENNELL • P. EMANUELA VOINESCU

CAPÍTULO 47 Abordaje individualizado para la vigilancia de los antiepilépticos mediante pruebas de laboratorio 569 SVEIN I. JOHANNESSEN • PHILIP N. PATSALOS CAPÍTULO 52 Gabapentina y pregabalina 629 PIERO PERUCCA SAMPLE SECCIÓN B FÁRMACOS Y TRATAMIENTOS ANTIEPILÉPTICOS ESPECÍFICOS BARRY E. GIDAL, EDITOR ASOCIADO CAPÍTULO 48 Benzodiazepinas 575 L. JOHN GREENFIELD JR • KINSHUK SAHAYA • SANG-HUN LEE CAPÍTULO 49 Carbamazepina, oxcarbazepina y eslicarbazepina 599 CARLOS A. M. GUERREIRO • MARILISA M. GUERREIRO • SCOTT MINTZER CAPÍTULO 50 Etosuximida 610 ANDRES M. KANNER • RAMSES RIBOT CAPÍTULO 51 Felbamato 623 MONICA B. DHAKAR • EDWARD FAUGHT

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Contenido

CAPÍTULO 53 Lacosamida 641

ROBERT T. WECHSLER • RAJ D. SHETH

CAPÍTULO 54 Lamotrigina 646

JOHN M. STERN • BARRY E. GIDAL

CAPÍTULO 55 Levetiracetam y brivaracetam 654

ERIN M. OKAZAKI • JOSEPH I. SIRVEN • KATHERINE H. NOE • MATTHEW T. HOERTH • PAVEL KLEIN

CAPÍTULO 56 Perampanel 663

GREGORY L. KRAUSS • BARRY E. GIDAL

CAPÍTULO 57 Fenobarbital y primidona 669

JACQUELYN L. BAINBRIDGE • MARK C. SPITZ • PEI SHIEEN WONG • SARAH N. FISCHER

CAPÍTULO 58 Fenitoína y fosfenitoína 678 JEANNINE M. CONWAY

CAPÍTULO 59 Rufinamida 693

GREGORY L. KRAUSS • RAMA MAGANTI

CAPÍTULO 60 Topiramato 701 WILLIAM E. ROSENFELD

CAPÍTULO 61 Valproato 715

ANGELA K. BIRNBAUM • SUSAN E. MARINO

CAPÍTULO 62 Vigabatrina 724

KELLY G. KNUPP • ELIZABETH A. THIELE

CAPÍTULO 63 Zonisamida 731 TIMOTHY E. WELTY

CAPÍTULO 64 Corticotropina y esteroides 738 CRISTINA GO • O. CARTER SNEAD III

CAPÍTULO 65 Canabidiol 747

JERZY P. SZAFLARSKI • ORRIN DEVINSKY

CAPÍTULO 66 Fármacos antiepilépticos en desarrollo clínico 752 DEANA M. GAZZOLA • NORMAN DELANTY • JACQUELINE A. FRENCH

CAPÍTULO 67 Antiepilépticos de uso poco frecuente 763

ROBERT J. KOTLOSKI • ROBERT T. WECHSLER • BASIM M. UTHMAN • BAILEY G. SALIMES

CAPÍTULO 68 Tratamientos alimentarios para la epilepsia 772 ERIC H. W. KOSSOFF CAPÍTULO 72 Medicina nuclear (PET, SPECT) 820 WILLIAM DAVIS GAILLARD SAMPLE PARTE V TRATAMIENTO QUIRÚRGICO DE LA EPILEPSIA SECCIÓN A IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LOS CANDIDATOS A CIRUGÍA Y DEFINICIÓN DE LA RED EPILEPTÓGENA LARA JEHI, EDITORA ASOCIADA CAPÍTULO 69 Problemas de la resistencia medicamentosa y la alternativa quirúrgica 780 SAMUEL WIEBE • CHURL-SU KWON • NATHALIE JETTÉ CAPÍTULO 70 Resonancia magnética en la evaluación del tratamiento quirúrgico de la epilepsia 788 AHSAN N. V. MOOSA • PAUL M. RUGGIERI CAPÍTULO 71 Videoencefalografía en la evaluación prequirúrgica 806 JEFFREY W. BRITTON • DAVID B. BURKHOLDER