Suk.Tratamiento de fracturas_2ed

CAPÍTULO 12 • Fracturas de la cintura escapular

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19. Tejwani NC, Liporace F, Walsh M, France MA, Zuckerman JD, Egol KA. Functional outcome following one-part proximal humeral fractures: A prospective study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 2008;17(2):216-219. 20. Long JL, Ruberte Thiele RA, Skendzel JG, et al. Activation of the shoulder musculature during pendulum exercises and light activi- ties. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 2010;40(4):230-237. 21. Kibler WB. Rehabilitation of rotator cuff tendinopathy. Clin Sports Med . 2003;22(4):837-847. 22. Escamilla RF, Yamashiro K, Paulos L, Andrews JR. Shoulder muscle activity and function in common shoulder rehabilitation exercises. Sports Med . 2009;39(8):663-685. 23. Green A, Hayda RA, Hecht A. Postoperative Orthopaedic Rehabilitation . Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2017. 24. Namdari S, Yagnik G, Ebaugh DD, et al. Defining functional shoul- der range of motion for activities of daily living. J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 2012;21(9):1177-1183. 25. Robertson DD, Yuan J, Bigliani LU, Flatow EL, Yamaguchi K. Three- dimensional analysis of the proximal part of the humerus: relevance to arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am . 2000;82(11):1594-1602. 26. Gangahar DM, Flogaites T. Retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle producing thoracic outlet syndrome. J Trauma . 1978;18(5):369-372. 27. McKee RC, Whelan DB, Schemitsch EH, McKee MD. Operative ver- sus nonoperative care of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Bone Joint Surg Am . 2012;94(8):675-684. 28. van der Meijden OA, Gaskill TR, Millett PJ. Treatment of clav- icle fractures: current concepts review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 2012;21(3):423-429. 29. Oatis CA. Kinesiology: The Mechanics & Pathomechanics of Human Movement. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2016. 30. McKee MD, Pedersen EM, Jones C, et al. Deficits following nonop- erative treatment of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am . 2006;88(1):35-40. 31. Worman LW, Leagus C. Intrathoracic injury following retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle. J Trauma . 1967;7(3):416-423. 32. Baldwin KD, Ohman-Strickland P, Mehta S, Hume E. Scapula frac- tures: a marker for concomitant injury? A retrospective review of data in the national trauma database. J Trauma . 2008;65(2):430-435. 33. Thompson DA, Flynn TC, Miller PW, Fischer RP. The significance of scapular fractures. J Trauma . 1985;25(10):974-977. 34. Imatani RJ. Fractures of the scapula: a review of 53 fractures. J Trauma . 1975;15(6):473-478. 35. Weening B, Walton C, Cole PA, Alanezi K, Hanson BP, Bhandari M. Lower mortality in patients with scapular fractures. J Trauma . 2005;59(6):1477-1481. 36. Coimbra R, Conroy C, Tominaga GT, Bansal V, Schwartz A. Causes of scapula fractures differ from other shoulder injuries in occu- pants seriously injured during motor vehicle crashes. Injury . 2010;41(2):151-155. 37. Armstrong CP, Van der Spuy J. The fractured scapula: impor- tance and management based on a series of 62 patients. Injury . 1984;15(5):324-329. 38. McGahan JP, Rab GT, Dublin A. Fractures of the Scapula. J Trauma . 1980;20(10):880-883. 39. Guttentag IJ. Rechtine GR. Fractures of the scapula. A review of the literature . Orthop Rev . 1988;17:147-158. 40. Owens BD, Goss TP. The floating shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br Vol . 2006;88-B(11):1419-1424. 41. McGinnis M, Denton JR. Fractures of the scapula: a retrospective study of 40 fractured scapulae. J Trauma . 1989;29(11):1488-1493. 42. Kang M-H, Oh J-S, Jang J-H. Differences in muscle activities of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid during shoulder external rota- tion in open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain exercises. J Phys Ther Sci . 2014;26(6):895-897. 43. Dragoo JL, Braun HJ, Bartlinski SE, Harris AHS. Acromioclavicular joint injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Football: data from the 2004-2005 through 2008-2009 National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System. Am J Sports Med . 2012;40(9):2066-2071. 44. Kibler W. The role of the scapula in athletic shoulder function. Am J Sports Med . 1998;26(2):325-327.

y sin dolor del hombro ( tabla 12-7 ). El paciente recibe un cabes- trillo para uso durante al menos 6 semanas y puede utilizar hielo y antiinflamatorios según la necesidad. Es fundamental evitar ini- cialmente los movimientos de la articulación GH y la protracción, retracción, depresión y elevación escapular durante las primeras 6 semanas del postoperatorio. La AMA del cuello, el codo, la muñeca y la mano puede comen- zar en el día postoperatorio 1 y continuar durante 6 semanas, des- pués de las cuales puede iniciar la AMP completa y la AMAA de la articulación del hombro. La AMA del hombro comienza a las 8 semanas del postope- ratorio y se centra en el fortalecimiento de los estabilizadores del hombro y la escápula. El paciente puede centrarse en los ejercicios de fortalecimiento a las 12 semanas del postoperatorio e incorpo- rar poco a poco pesos y resistencia a sus ejercicios terapéuticos existentes. La vuelta al deporte se permite una vez que el paciente demuestre una AM completa y sin dolor, y que la fuerza de la extre- midad afectada sea equivalente en un 90% a la de la extremidad contralateral. REFERENCIAS 1. Bohsali KI, Wirth MA. Fractures of the proximal humerus . In: Rockwood and Matsen’s The Shoulder : Elsevier; 2009:295-332. 2. Rockwood CA, Green DP, Bucholz RW. Rockwood and Green’s fractures in adults . 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2015. 3. Craig EV. Fractures of the clavicle. In: Rockwood CA, Matsen FA, eds. The Shoulder . 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA. WB Saunders; 2004. 4. Voleti PB, Namdari S, Mehta S. Fractures of the scapula. Adv Orthop . 2012;2012:1-7. 5. Court-Brown CM, Caesar B. Epidemiology of adult fractures: a review. Injury . 2006;37(8):691-697. 6. Court-Brown CM, Garg A, McQueen MM. The translated two-part fracture of the proximal humerus: epidemiology and outcome in the older patient. J Bone Joint Surg Br Vol . 2001;83-B(6):799-804. 7. Launonen AP, Lepola V, Saranko A, Flinkkilä T, Laitinen M, Mattila VM. Epidemiology of proximal humerus fractures. Arch Osteoporos . 2015;10(1):2. 8. Nordqvist A, Petersson CJ. Incidence and causes of shoulder girdle inju- ries in an urban population. J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 1995;4(2):107-112. 9. Passaretti D, Candela V, Sessa P, Gumina S. Epidemiology of proximal humeral fractures: a detailed survey of 711 patients in a metropolitan area. J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 2017;26(12):2117-2124. 10. Keser S, Bölükba ş ı S, Bayar A, Kanatlı U, Meray J, Özdemir H. Proximal humeral fractures with minimal displacement treated conservatively. Int Orthop . 2004;28(4):231-234. 11. Koval KJ, Gallagher MA, Marsicano JG, Cuomo F, McShinawy A, Zuckerman JD. Functional outcome after minimally displaced fractures of the proximal part of the humerus. J Bone Joint Surg . 1997;79(2):203-207. 12. Jones RB. Hemiarthroplasty for proximal humeral fractures: Indications, pitfalls, and technique. Bull Hosp Jt Dis (2013) . 2013;71 suppl 2:60-63. 13. Mittlmeier TWF, Stedtfeld HW, Ewert A, Beck M, Frosch B, Gradl G. Stabilization of proximal humeral fractures with an angular and slid- ing stable antegrade locking nail (Targon PH). J Bone Joint Surg Am . 2003;85:136-146. 14. Court-Brown CM, Cattermole H, McQueen MM. Impacted valgus fractures (B1.1) of the proximal humerus: the results of non-operative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br Vol . 2002;84-B(4):504-508. 15. Helmy N, Hintermann B. New Trends in the treatment of proximal humerus fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res . 2006;442:100-108. 16. Jakob R, Miniaci A, Anson P, Jaberg H, Osterwalder A, Ganz R. Four- part valgus impacted fractures of the proximal humerus. J Bone Joint Surg Br Vol . 1991;73-B(2):295-298. 17. Resch H, Povacz P, Fröhlich R, Wambacher M. Percutaneous fixation of three- and four-part fractures of the proximal humerus. J Bone Joint Surg Br Vol . 1997;79-B(2):295-300. 18. Tucek M, Bartonícek J. Associated injuries of the scapula fractures. Rozhl Chir . 2010;89(5):288-292.

45. Mazzocca AD, Santangelo SA, Johnson ST, Rios CG, Dumonski ML, Arciero RA. A biomechanical evaluation of an anatomical coraco- clavicular ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med . 2006;34(2): 236-246. SAMPLE