Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

1219

Index

infectious, 1153–1159 lesions, 1148, 1149 f nevi, 1173, 1173 f –1174 f papulosquamous der- matoses, 1164–1166, 1165 f –1166 f pigmentary, 1148–1150, 1149 f pressure ulcers, 1171–1172, 1171 f primary, 1153–1166 pruritus, 1150 pustular, 1159–1161 rashes, 1148 thermal, 1168–1171, 1169 t ultraviolet radiation, 1167–1168 epidermis, 1142–1144, 1142 f –1143 f heat loss through, 64–65 structure and function of, 1141–1146, 1142 f turgor of, 172, 173 f UV radiation damage to, 38 Skin eruptions, drug-induced, 1163–1164, 1164 f Skinfold thickness, 228–229 Skin integrity with CKD, 645 f , 649 with spinal cord injury, 912–913 Sleep disorders, in cancer, 145 Sleep-wake cycles, adaptation and, 214 Slime, 308 Slipped disk, 895–896, 895 f –896 f Slow-reacting substance of ana- phylaxis (SRS-A), 58 Slow response, cardiac action potential, 388, 388 f Slow waves, in gastrointestinal motility, 680, 683, 683 f Small cell lung cancers (SCLCs), 553 Small intestine disorders of, 713–716, 714 c , 716 f –717 f organization of, 676 f , 677 Small vessel stroke, 934 Smoking CKD and, 649 emphysema and, 578–580, 579 f IPF and, 587 Smooth ER, 4–5, 4 f , 8 Smooth muscle, 24, 26, 26 f contraction of, 26 intestinal, 683, 683 f vascular, 394–395, 403–404 SNPs. See Single-nucleotide polymorphisms SOD. See Superoxide dismutase Sodium balance of with CKD, 645, 645 f disorders of, 171–176, 172 f regulation of, 168–171 Skin tags, 1181 Skip lesions, 707 SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosus disorders of, 705–721 motility in, 682–685, 682 f –683 f , 685 f

elimination of, regulation of, 611–612 Sodium glucose cotransporters (SGLTs), 797 Soft tissue callus, in fracture heal- ing, 1086, 1086 f , 1088 Soft tissue injuries, 1079 Solar lentigines, 1181 Somatic cell hybridization, 100–101 Somatic neuropathies, 814–815 Somatosensory function central processing of, 858, 858 f dermatomes in, 855, 856 f modalities of, 858–860, 859 f organization and control of, 854–860 sensory systems in, 854–858, 855 f sensory unit in, 855 spinal circuitry in, 855–857, 857 f with spinal cord injury, 908 Somatostatin, 798 Somatotropin. See Growth hormone Somogyi effect, 813 Spasmodic croup, 559 f , 560, 560 t Spastic bladder, 659 f , 665–666 Spasticity, 887 Special sensory afferent (SSA) neuron, 833 f Special somatic afferent (SSA) fibers, 832, 854 Special visceral afferent (SVA) neurons, 833, 833 f Specific gravity, of urine, 615 Specific immunity. See Adaptive immunity Specificity theory, of pain, 860 Spectrin, 277, 278 f Spermatocele, 1004 Spermatogenesis, 995–996, 995 f –996 f Spermatogenic cells ductile transport of, 996, 996 f production of, 995–996, 995 f S phase, of cell cycle, 72, 74, 74 f Sphenoidal sinuses, 540, 541 f Sphincter of Oddi, 726 Spider fingers, 108, 109 f Spinal cord, 837–840, 838 f –839 f ascending neural pathways and, 862, 863 f in bladder control, injury and, 658, 658 f , 663 in motor function, 881 Spinal cord injury (SCI) acute, 905–906 autonomic nervous system disruption with, 910–911, 911 f classification of, 906–908, 907 c , 907 f –908 f functional abilities with, 908, 909 t motor and somatosensory function with, 908 repair of, 913 vertebral column, 904–905, 905 f Spinal cord shock, 905

Spinal nerves, 838 f –839 f , 839 root disorders, 894–896 Spinal reflexes, 839–840, 882–885, 884 f , 888 Spinal shock, 506 Spinal tap, 839 Spiral fracture, 1084 f , 1085 Spirochetes, 302–303, 303 f Spirometer, 526, 526 f Spleen, 321 f , 322 Splenomegaly, 741, 741 f Splint, 1085 Split-thickness skin graft, for thermal injury, 1170–1171 Spondyloarthropathies juvenile, 1134 seronegative, 1125–1128, 1126 f –1127 f Spongy bone, 1065, 1065 f Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 741 Spontaneous pneumothorax, 569–570, 569 f Sporangiospores, 304 Sports-related injuries, 1079 Sprain, 1079–1080, 1080 f Spurs, 1129, 1129 f Squamous cell carcinoma, 130, 131 t , 1176–1177, 1176 f lungs, 552–553 penis, 1002 Squamous cell hyperplasia, 1025 Squamous epithelial tissue, 21, 22 f SRS-A. See Slow-reacting sub- stance of anaphylaxis SSA fibers. See Special somatic afferent fibers SSA neuron. See Special sensory afferent neuron Stable angina, 455, 455 f Stable tissues, 73 Staghorn stones. See Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones Stapes, 975 f , 976 Staphylococcal infections infective endocarditis, 457 rhinosinusitis, 541 Start codons, 90, 90 t Starvation. See Malnutrition Status epilepticus, 947–948 Steatorrhea, 692 ST elevation myocardial infarc- tion (STEMI). See Myocardial infarction Stem cells, 72–73, 72 f , 73 f , 76 STEMI. See Myocardial infarction Stenosis of aortic valve, 461 f , 463–464 mitral valve, 461–462, 461 f Stereognosis, 856 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 1163 Stimulation tests, for endocrine function, 764 STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections Stomach, 676 f –677 f , 677 cancer of, 704–705 disorders of, 701–705, 702 f –703 f motility in, 681, 684 Stop codons, 90, 90 t Strabismus, 971–973, 972 f

Strain, 2–3, 1079–1080 Stratified epithelium, 21–22, 22 f Stratum corneum, 1143, 1143 f Stratum germinativum, 1142, 1143 f Stratum granulosum, 1143, 1143 f Stratum lucidum, 1143, 1143 f Stratum spinosum, 1142–1143, 1143 f Strawberry hemangiomas. See Hemangiomas of infancy Strawberry spots, 1055 Streptococcus sp., 301 f , 302 f , 311 f Stress acute, effects of, 215–216 adaptation to, 212–215, 213 f cellular response to, 36 adaptations of growth and differentiation, 31–34, 32 f , 33 f intracellular accumulations, 34–35, 35 f pathologic calcifications, 35, 35 f chronic, effects of, 216 homeostasis, 206–208, 207 b , 207 f oxidative, 40–41, 46 PTSD, 216–218 response to, 208–212, 209 t , 210 f disorders in, 215–219 treatment for, 218–219 Stress fractures, 7, 1084 Stress incontinence, 664 Stressors, 208 Stress ulcers, 704 Stretch receptors, 536 Stretch reflex, 883–886, 884 f Striatum, 898, 898 f Stridor, 557 Stroke, 932–937, 933 t deficits from, 936 diagnosis of, 934–935, 935 t hemorrhagic, 934 ischemic, 932–934, 932 f treatment of, 935–936 Stroke volume, in cardiac cycle, 392 Stromal tissues, 71 Struvite stones. See Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones Stunned myocardium, 451 Subarachnoid hemorrhage, aneu- rysmal, 937–938, 937 f Subcortical brain centers, in blad- der control, 658, 659 f Subdural hematomas, 925, 925 f Subluxation, 1080 of patella, 1082 Submetacentric, 97, 97 f Submucosal layer, in gastrointes- tinal system, 677–678, 678 f , 690 f Submucosal plexus, 680, 682, 682 f Subperiosteal chondromas, 1095 Substantia nigra, 898, 898 f Subthalamic nucleus, 898, 898 f Sudden cardiac death, 495 Sunburn, 1168 Superantigens, 357