Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

1214

Index

Nephropathies

Neutrophils, 242 f , 243–244, 243 f , 325–326 in inflammation, 50 f , 51, 51 f Nevi, 1173, 1173 f –1174 f melanocytic, 1178 Newborn. See Neonates Newborn screening, for cystic fibrosis, 585 New-onset diabetes after trans- plant (NODAT), 804 Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), 314 Nexus junctions, 27, 28 f NGS. See Next Generation Sequencing NHL. See Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Nicotinamide adenine dinucleo- tide (NAD), in fuel metabo- lism, 9–11 Nikolsky sign, 1164 NIPD. See Nocturnal intermittent peritoneal dialysis NIPT. See Non-invasive prenatal testing Nitric oxide (NO) in inflammation, 59 in smooth muscle control, 395, 398, 591 Nitrogenous waste accumulation. See Azotemia Nitroglycerin, for myocardial infarction, 452 NK cells. See Natural killer cells Nocturia, 494 Nocturnal asthma, 575 Nocturnal intermittent peritoneal dialysis (NIPD), for CKD, 650–651 NODAT. See New-onset diabetes after transplant Nodes of Ranvier, 823 Nodular basal cell carcinoma, 1176, 1176 f Nodular melanomas, 1175 Nodules, 1148, 1149 f Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 739 Nondisjunction, 116, 117 f Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 253–255, 254 c , 255 f with AIDS, 369 Non–insulin-dependent diabetes. See Type 2 diabetes mellitus Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), 125 Nonionizing radiation, cellular injury from, 38 Nonneoplastic epithelial disor- ders, 1025 Nonparalytic strabismus, 972–973 Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), 552–553, 553 f Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), 450 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 58 antipyretic effects of, 67 Nonthrombocytopenic purpura, 273 Nonunion, 1088, 1089 t NO. See Nitric oxide Nociceptors, 861–862 stimulation of, 861–862

Norepinephrine, in circulatory control, 399–400 Normochromic, 281 Normovolemic hypotonic hypo- natremia, 174 Normovolemic shock. See Distributive shock Nosocomial, 307 Notochord, 830, 831 f NPs. See Natriuretic peptides NRM. See Nucleus raphe magnus NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs NSCLCs. See Non-small cell lung cancers NSTEMI. See Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction Nuclear receptors, 759, 761, 761 f Nuclear scintigraphy, 634 Nucleolus, 3, 91 Nucleosome, 89, 89 f Nucleotides, 88, 88 f Nucleus raphe magnus (NRM), 864 Nutrients, metabolism and stor- age of, 793–794 Nutrition. See also Food; Malnutrition adaptation and, 214 assessment of, 228–229, 229 t imbalance of, cellular injury from, 39 wound healing and, 81, 83 Nystagmus, 897, 985–986, 986 f OA. See Osteoarthritis OA neuron. See Output associa- tion neuron Obesity, 230, 230 f adipose tissue and, 231 cancer and, 141 causes of, 230–231 childhood, 233 chronic inflammation and, 61 treatment and prevention of, 232–233 type 2 diabetes and, 803 types of, 229 t , 231–232, 231 f Obligatory urine output, 168 Obstructive shock, 501 c , 502 f , 505 Occipital lobe, 844 Occluding junctions, 27, 28 f OGTT. See Oral glucose toler- ance test Oligoarthritis, 1134 Oligodendrocytes, 27, 824, 824 f Oligodendrogliomas, 942–943 Oliguria, 494 OM. See Otitis media Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, in inflammation, 58 Omentum, 679, 679 f Oncogenes, 137 Oncogenesis, 139, 139 f Open-angle glaucoma, 967–969, 968 f Open fracture. See Compound fracture OPG. See Osteoprotegerin Opioid analgesics, 868 Opportunistic pathogens, 298 Opsonins, 327, 330 Opsonization, in inflammatory response, 55–56, 327, 330

Optic nerves, 969–970, 970 f disorders of, 970 organization of, 832 Oral contraceptives, hypertension and, 428 Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 805–806 Oral phase, of swallowing, 681, 684 f Oral replacement therapy (ORT), for diarrhea, 714 Orchitis, 1005 Organelles, 2, 4–8, 4 f –5 f Organic ions, elimination of, 612 Organization, 78 Organogenesis, 120, 121 ORT. See Oral replacement therapy Orthopnea, 494 Orthostatic hypotension, 433–435, 434 f Osgood-Schlatter disease, 1105 Osmolality, 162 of urine, 615 Osmolarity, 162 in urine concentration, 608, 608 f Osmole, 162 Osmoreceptors, 169, 169 f Osmosis, 15, 161–162, 161 f Osmotic demyelination syndrome, 175 Osmotic diarrhea, 713 Ossification, in fracture healing, 1087–1088, 1087 f Osteitis fibrosa, 647 Osteoarthritis (OA), 1128–1131, 1129 f , 1130 t , 1135 Osteoblasts, 1067, 1068 t Osteochondroma, 1095 Osteochondroses, juvenile, 1104–1105, 1105 f Osteoclastoma. See Giant cell tumor Osteoclasts, 1067–1068, 1068 t Osteocytes, 1067, 1067 f , 1068 t Osteomalacia, 647, 1115–1116 Osteomyelitis, 1091–1093, 1091 f Osteonecrosis, 1093 c , 1093–1094, 1093 f Osteopenia, 1112 Osteophytes, 1129, 1129 f Osteoporosis, 1069, 1112 c , 1112–1115, 1114 f Osteoprogenitor cells, 1066–1067, 1068 t Osteoprotegerin (OPG), 1069, 1071, 1071 f Osteosarcoma, 1095 f –1096 f , 1096 Ostiomeatal complex, 540, 541 f Otic fluid. See Endolymph Otitis externa, 975–976 Otitis media (OM), 977–979, 977 f Otoliths, 984 Otosclerosis, 977 f , 979 Outflow obstruction, 661–662 Output association (OA) neuron, 832, 833 f Outtoeing, 1098–1099, 1098 f Ovaries, 1019 f , 1020 cancer of, 1036–1037 Osteodystrophy, 645 f , 647 Osteogenesis imperfecta, 1101–1102, 1102 t

diabetic, 815–816 drug-related, 629–630 Nephrosis, lipoid. See Minimal- change disease Nephrotic syndrome, 624–626, 624 f Nernst potential, 16 Nervous system cell columns of, 832–833, 833 f , 833 t –834 t , 835 cells of, 821–825, 822 f , 824 f embryonic developmental of, 830–831, 831 f –832 f HIV manifestations in, 368 longitudinal tracts of, 835– 836, 835 f –836 f , 835 t Nervous tissue, 20 t , 26–27 metabolic requirements of, 825 Neural control of bladder function, 657–658, 659 f , 660 t of blood pressure, 420, 421, 423, 424 f of circulatory function, 399–400 of male reproductive system, 998, 998 f of renal blood flow, 607, 609 thyroid hormone and, 778 Neural crest cells, 830, 831 f Neuralgia, 870 Neural pathways ascending, 855–857, 857 f spinal cord circuitry and, 862, 863 f in vision, 969–971, 970 f Neuritic plaques, 949, 949 f Neurocognitive disorders. See Dementia Neuroendocrine response, to stress, 209–212, 209 t , 210 f Neurofibrillary tangle, 8, 949, 949 f Neurofibromatosis, 108–110, 109 f Neurofilaments, 8 Neurogenic bladder disorders, 662–664, 662 t Neurogenic fever, 65 Neurogenic inflammation, 862 Neurogenic shock, 501 c , 506 Neuroglial cells, 27, 823–825, 824 f tumors of, 942–943 Neuromatrix theory, of pain, 861 Neuromodulators, 827–829 Neuromuscular complications, with CKD, 645 f , 648 Neuromuscular junction, disor- ders of, 890–892, 890 f Neurons, 27, 822–823, 822 f communication of, 825–827, 826 f spinal, 838 f –839 f , 839 Neuropathic pain, 869–870 Neuropathies, diabetic, 814–815 Neurotransmission, in autonomic nervous system, 850–852 Neurotransmitters, 826–827 removal of, 829, 829 f synthesis and release of, 828, 828 f Neurotrophic factors, 829 Neutropenia, 246–248, 247 c Neural plate, 830, 831 f Neural tube, 830, 831 f