Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

1213

Index

Medullary collecting tubule, 603 Medulloblastoma, 943 Megakaryocytes, 261 Megaloblastic anemia, 288–289, 289 f Meiosis, 96, 96 f , 97 f Meissner corpuscles, 858, 1145 Melanin, 898, 1143–1144 Melanocytes, 1143–1144, 1143 f malignant melanoma, 1174–1175, 1174 f Melanocytic nevi, 1173, 1173 f , 1178 Melanosomes, 1143–1144 Melasma, 1150 Membranous exudates, 60 Membranous glomerulonephritis, 625 Mendelian disorders. See Single- gene disorders Mendel laws, 98, 99 f Ménière disease, 987–988 Meninges, of brain, 844, 844 f Meningiomas, 943 Meningitis, 940–941 Meniscus, injuries to, 1082, 1082 f Menopause, 1040 Menstrual cycle, 1020–1024, 1020 f amenorrhea, 1039 disorders of, 1038–1041 dysfunctional, 1038–1039 dysmenorrhea, 1039 Mental confusion, with heart failure, 494–495 MEOS. See Microsomal ethanol- oxidizing system Mercury toxicity, 39 Mesentery, 678–679, 678 f –679 f Mesoderm, 20, 21 f , 830, 831 f Mesothelium, 21, 678 Messenger RNA (mRNA), 3 structure and function of, 91 Metabolic acidosis, 197 c , 197–199, 198 t Metabolic alkalosis, 198 t , 199–200, 200 f Metabolic syndrome, 231–232, 426, 800 t , 802–803, 804 c Metabolism abnormalities of, 802–803, 802 f of bones disorders of, 1111–1118, 1112 c , 1114 f , 1117 f –1118 f hormonal control of, 1069, 1069 t , 1071–1073, 1071 f –1072 f of drugs, 736–737 energy, 8–11, 9 f , 223–224 heat production through, 63–64 liver and, 727–729, 727 t , 728 f thyroid hormone and, 777 Metacentric, 97, 97 f Merkel cells, 1144 Merkel disks, 858 Mesangium, 602 f , 603

Metastatic calcifications, 35 Metatarsus adductus, 1099, 1099 f Metformin, 808 Methotrexate for psoriasis, 1165 for RA, 1123 MGUS. See Monoclonal gam- mopathy of undetermined significance MHC. See Major histocompat- ibility complex MI. See Myocardial infarction Microalbuminuria, 615, 627 Microarray technology, for can- cer diagnosis, 148–149 Microbial agents, cancer and, 143–144 Microcirculation, 397–399, 398 f Microfilaments, 7 f , 8 Microflora, 298 Microglia, 27, 824–825, 824 f Micronodular cirrhosis. See Alcoholic cirrhosis MicroRNA genes, 138–139 Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS), 738 Microtubules, 7–8, 7 f Micturition, 659 pontine center for, 658, 659 f Midbrain, 833 t –834 t , 840 f , 841 Migraine headache, 872–874 Miliary tuberculosis, 549 Milk-alkali syndrome, 184–185, 199 Mineralocorticoids, 784 Minerals requirements of, 226–227 for wound healing, 83 Minimal-change disease, 625 Minute volume, 527 Mitochondria, 6–8, 6 f , 7 f citric acid cycle, 10 electron transport chain, 11 gene disorders of, 113, 113 t Mitochondrial DNA, 6–8, 91 Mitochondrion-induced apopto- sis. See Intrinsic apoptosis Mitosis, 88–89, 89 f , 96 Mitral valve prolapse of, 462–463, 462 f M line, 24 f , 25 MoAbs. See Monoclonal antibodies MODS. See Multiple organ dys- function syndrome MODY. See Maturity-onset diabetes of young Molds, 304–305, 304 f Molecular chaperones, 94 Molecular mimicry, 356–357, 458–459 Moles. See Nevi Mongolian spots, 1178 Monkeypox, 316 Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), 312 for cancer, 151–152 Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), 256–257 Monocytes, 243 f , 244, 320 in inflammation, 50 f , 52 Mononeuropathy, 893, 893 f regurgitation, 461 f , 462 stenosis, 461–462, 461 f

Mononucleosis, infectious, 248–249, 248 f Monoplegia, 887, 887 f Monosomy, 116 Monro-Kellie hypothesis, 920, 920 f Mons pubis, 1017, 1018 f Morulae, 303 Mosaicism, 115 Motion sickness, 694, 986 Motor cortex, 842, 881–882, 881 f –882 f Motor deficits, from stroke, 936 Motor function assessment of, 887–888, 887 f disorders of, 648 organization of, 880–882 pathways for, 883 f , 885 f , 886 with spinal cord injury, 908 Motor neurons, 835, 882. See also Lower motor neurons; Upper motor neurons Motor unit, 882–883, 886 disorders of, 888–896 Movement, coordination of, 888 M phase, of cell cycle, 72, 74, 74 f M protein, 257, 257 f mRNA. See Messenger RNA MS. See Multiple sclerosis MSY. See Male-specific region Mucociliary blanket, 514 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tis- sue (MALT), 246, 322–323 Mucosal layer, gastric, 677–678, 678 f , 690 f , 701 Mucous layer, 308 Multicystic dysplastic kidney disorder (MCDK), 618 Multifactorial inheritance, 98 disorders of, 113–114 Multiple myeloma, 256–258, 257 f Multiple organ dysfunction syn- drome (MODS), with shock, 509 Multiple sclerosis (MS), 902–904, 903 f Multipotent stem cells, 73 Muscle compartment, 1089, 1089 f Muscle fibers, 24, 24 f Muscle pump, 436, 437 f Muscles atrophy of, 889 of eye, 971, 971 f , 972 t intercostal, 521–522, 522 f respiratory, 521–522, 522 f Muscle spasm, 865 Muscular dystrophy, 889–890, 889 f Muscularis externa, 677–678, 678 f Music therapy, for stress, 219 Mutations, genetic, 90, 107 triplet repeat, 112–113 Mutualism, 298 MVV. See Maximum voluntary ventilation Myasthenia gravis, 890 f , 891–892 Mycelium, 304 Mycoplasmas, 303 Myeloblasts, 245, 245 f Myelogenous leukemias, 250 Myeloma nephrosis, 257 Muscle spindles, 883–886 Muscle tissue, 20 t , 24–26 cardiac. See Cardiac muscle skeletal. See Skeletal muscle smooth. See Smooth muscle

Myenteric plexus, 680, 682, 682 f Myocardial hypertrophy, 33, 33 f Myocardial infarction (MI), 446, 447 f , 449 f diagnosis and treatment for, 452–453, 453 f non-ST elevation, 450 pathologic changes in, 450–452, 451 f –452 f recovery period, 453–454, 454 f silent, 456 Myocarditis, 470–471 Myocardium, 382–384, 384 f blood flow of, 448–449, 448 f –449 f contractility of, 487–488, 488 f

hypertrophy of, 490–491 remodeling of, 490–491

Myoclonic seizures, 946 Myoclonus, 888 Myofibrils, 24 f , 25 Myoglobin, 449 Myopia, 960–961, 960 f

Myosin filaments, 24–26, 24 f –25 f Myxedematous coma, 780–781

Nabothian cysts, 1027 NAD. See Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAFLD. See Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Nail bed, 1147, 1147 f Nail groove, 1147, 1147 f Nail matrix, 1147, 1147 f Nails, 1147–1148, 1147 f tinea of, 1155–1156, 1155 f Naive lymphocyte, 320–321 Nasal flaring, 557 Nasopharyngeal airways, 514–515 Natriuretic peptides (NPs), 490 Natural immunity. See Innate immunity Natural killer (NK) cells, 243 f , 244, 320–321 differentiation of, 242, 242 f receptors, 326, 326 f Nausea, 693 Nearsightedness. See Myopia Necrosis, 42 f , 44–45, 44 f Neisseria gonorrhoeae , 1058–1059 Neolayer, of white matter, 835 f Neonates hemolytic disease of, 293 hyperbilirubinemia in, 292–293 immunity transfer to, 341–342, 341 f red blood cell changes in, 291–293, 292 t respiratory tract infections in, 557–559, 557 f , 560 t , 561 c ventilation in, 555–556, 556 f Neoplasia, 129–155, 130 f . See also Cancer; Tumors Neoplasm. See Cancer; Tumors Neospinothalamic tract, 857 Nephritic syndrome, 623, 623 f Nephrolithiasis. See Renal calculi Nephron, 601–602, 601 f glomerulus, 601 f –602 f , 602–603 tubular components of, 603 urine formation in, 604–607, 604 f –607 f Nephronophthisis-medullary cys- tic disease complex, 620–621

Metaphysis, 1065, 1065 f Metaplasia, 32 f , 33–34 Metastasis hematogenous spread, 135–136, 136 f

lymphatic spread, 135, 135 f Metastatic bone disease, 1097