Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

1212

Index

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 568–569 Lactic acid in energy metabolism, 9–10 formation of, 193 f Lactic acidosis, 197 Lacunar infarct, 934 LAD. See Leukocyte adhesion deficiency Laennec cirrhosis. See Alcoholic cirrhosis LAIV. See Live, attenuated influ- enza vaccine Lamina propria, 677, 678 f Laminar airflow, 524–525 Laminar blood flow, 378, 381, 381 f Laminar bone, 1066 Langerhans cells, 332, 1144, 1144 f Large calorie. See Kilocalorie Large cell carcinomas, lungs, 553 Large intestine, disorders of, 705–721 Large vessel stroke, 933–934 Laryngotracheal airways, 515, 515 f Late distal tubule, 603 in urine formation, 606–607, 607 f Latent tuberculosis infection, 549, 549 f Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), 969–970 Lateral sacs, 24 f , 25 Law of Laplace, 379, 379 f LDH. See Lactate dehydrogenase LDL. See Low-density lipoprotein Lead-pipe rigidity, 887 Lead poisoning, 35, 38–39 Lectins, 3, 330 Left ventricular heart failure, 492–493, 492 f –493 f Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1104–1105, 1105 f Legionnaire disease, 547 Leiden mutation, 268 Leiomyomas, uterine, 1033, 1033 f Lens, 960–961, 960 f Lentiform nucleus, 898, 898 f Lentigo maligna, 1181 Lentigo maligna melanomas, 1175 Leptin, 228, 231 Lesions, 1148, 1149 f Leukemias, 249–253, 250 f acute, 251–252 chronic, 252–253, 253 f Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD), 52 Leukocytes, 242 f , 243–245, 243 f developmental stages of, 244–245, 245 f in inflammation, 50 f , 51–52, 51 f Leukocytosis, 63 Leukopenia, 742 Leukostasis, 251 Leukotriene pathway inhibitors, 577 Leukotrienes, in inflammation, 57–58, 58 f LGN. See Lateral geniculate nucleus acute, 55–56 systemic, 63 nonneoplastic disorders of, 248–249

LGV. See Lymphogranuloma venereum Lhermitte sign, 903 Lichenification, 1148 Lichen planus, 1025, 1166, 1166 f Ligaments, 1074–1075, 1079 knee injuries involving, 1082 Limbic system, 843, 844 f Limbs. See Extremities Linkage studies, for genetic mapping, 97 f , 99 α -Linolenic acid, 58 Lipids. See Fats Lipodystrophy, 369, 804 Lipofuscin, 34–35, 35 f Lipoid nephrosis. See Minimal- change disease Lipoproteins, 404–405, 405 f Liquefaction necrosis, 44 Live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), 544 Liver cancer of, 744 disease alcohol-induced, 738, 738 f drug-induced, 737 failure of, 742–744, 743 f function bile formation, 729, 729 f disorders of, 731–744 metabolic, 727–729, 727 t , 728 f tests of, 731 metabolism and, 727–729, 727 t , 728 f physiologic functions of, 727–731, 727 t , 728 f –730 f , 730 c structure of, 724–726, 725 f –726 f transplantation for hepatitis, 735 for liver failure, 744 LMNs. See Lower motor neurons Lobules, 726, 726 f Local immune complex disorders, 350 Localized bronchiectasis, 583 Localized vulvodynia, 1026 Locus, of genes, 98 Locus ceruleus, 210, 211 f Long bones, 1065–1066, 1065 f Longevity genes, 45 Longitudinal tracts, 835–836, 835 f –836 f , 835 t Long-term medications, for asthma, 576–577 Loop of Henle, 601 f , 603 urine formation in, 606, 606 f , 608, 608 f Loose connective tissue, 23 Lou Gehrig disease. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Low–bone-turnover osteodystro- phy, 647 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 404–405, 405 f , 406 t Lower limb compression ultra- sonography, for pulmonary embolism, 589 Lower motor neurons (LMNs), 835, 882 Luminal membrane, 604, 605 f Lichen sclerosus, 1025 Lichen simplex, 1166

Lung receptors, for breathing regulation, 536 Lungs, 517–520, 518 f cancer of, 552–555, 553 f compliance of, 522–524, 523 f development of, 555–557, 556 f inflation, disorders of, 568–571, 569 f –571 f interstitial disease, 586 c , 586–588 transplantation of, 592 volume of, 525–526, 526 f , 526 t in neonates and children, 556 Lyme disease, 302 Lymphatic spread, of cancer, 135, 135 f Lymphatic system, 396–397, 397 f –398 f Lymph drainage, 163, 165, 165 f obstruction of, 166 Lymphocytic leukemias, 250 Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), 1053 Lymphoid organs, 321 f –322 f , 322–323 Lymphoid tissues, 245–246, 246 f , 322 neoplastic disorders of, 249–258 Lymphomas Hodgkin, 255–256, 256 f non-Hodgkin, 253–255, 254 c , 255 f Lysosomal storage diseases, 6 Lysosomes, 5–6, 5 f , 8 Macrophage colony-stimulating factors (M-CSF), 243, 324, 324 t Macrophages, 243 f , 244, 320 in adaptive immunity, 332 Macula densa, 610 Macular degeneration, 966–967, 966 f Macule, 1148, 1149 f Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones, 633–634, 633 t , 634 f Magnesium balance, 181 disorders of, 187–189 regulation of, 187 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 321, 333–335, 335 f –336 f , 335 t in transplantation, 352 Malabsorption syndrome, 718, 718 t Male reproductive system. See also specific components aging and, 1013–1014 disorders of of childhood, 1012–1013, 1012 f –1013 f penile, 1000–1002, 1001 f Lymph nodes, 322, 322 f Lymphoblasts, 245 f , 251 Lymphocytes, 243 f , 244, 332–333, 333 f –334 f . See also B lymphocytes; T lymphocytes in inflammation, 50 f , 51 f , 52 alveolar, 518–519, 519 f in inflammation, 50 f , 52 in innate immunity, 326

hormone production, 994–995, 995 c

neural control of, 998, 998 f physiology of, 993–999, 994 f spermatogenesis in, 995–996, 995 f –996 f Male-specific region (MSY), 95 Malignant melanoma, 1174–1175, 1174 f Malleus, 975 f , 976 Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 697 Malnutrition, 234–236, 235 f with heart failure, 495 protein-energy, 234–235, 235 f in trauma and illness, 235–236 MALT. See Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue MALT lymphomas, 254 c , 254–255 Malunion, 1088, 1089 t Mammary duct ectasia, 1043 Mannose-binding ligand (MBL), 330 Mantle cell lymphomas, 254, 254 c Marasmus, 234 Marasmus-kwashiorkor, 235 Marfan syndrome, 108, 109 f Marginal zone lymphomas, 254 c , 254–255 Margination, in inflammatory response, 55–56 Massage therapy, for stress, 219 Mast cells in hypersensitivity disorders, 345 in inflammation, 50 f , 51–52 Mastitis, 1042–1043 Maternal serum markers, for pre- natal screening and diagnosis, 124–125, 125 f Matrix, 4 f Matrix space, 6, 6 f Maturity-onset diabetes of young (MODY), 804 Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), 526, 526 t MBL. See Mannose-binding ligand MCDK. See Multicystic dysplas- tic kidney disorder MCH. See Mean cell hemoglobin MCHC. See Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration M-CSF. See Macrophage colony- stimulating factors MCV. See Mean corpuscular volume Mean arterial pressure, 420, 420 f Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), 281, 282 t Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), 281, 282 t Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), 281, 282 t Measles. See Rubeola Mechanical forces, cellular injury from, 36 Medial lemniscus, 856 Mediastinum, 513–514, 514 f Medications. See also Drugs

prostatic, 1007–1011 scrotal and testicular,

cellular injury from, 38 elimination of, 612–613 Mediterranean anemia. See β -Thalassemias

1002–1006, 1002 f –1004 f hormonal control of, 997, 997 f