Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

1210

Index

Hydrostatic pressure, 163–164, 164 f Hydrothorax, 568 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in circulatory control, 399 in inflammation, 57 in stress response, 212 Hydroxyurea, for sickle cell anemia, 285 Hyperacute rejection, 352 Hyperbilirubinemia, in neonates, 292–293 Hypercalcemia, 35, 184–185, 184 t Hypercalcemic crisis, 185 Hypercapnia, 567, 595 Hypercapnic/hypoxemic respira- tory failure, 595 Hyperchloremic acidosis, 198 Hypercholesteremia, 406–408, 406 t , 407 f Hypercoagulability, 267–269, 268 c Hyperglycemia, 802–803, 811 Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS), 812 Hyper-IgM syndrome, 360 Hyperkalemia, 178 f , 179 t , 180–181, 181 f Hyperkeratosis, 1164 Hyperlipidemia, 404–408, 405 f –406 f with nephrosis, 624 Hypermagnesemia, 188 t , 189 Hypermetabolic response, to thermal injury, 1170 Hypernatremia, 175–176, 175 t Hyperopia, 960–961, 960 f Hyperparathyroidism, 190 Hyperphosphatemia, 186 t , 187 Hyperpituitarism, 769 Hyperplasia, 32 f , 33 prostate, 1008–1010, 1008 f –1009 f Hyperpolarization, 826 Hypersensitive dermatoses, 1161–1164, 1162 f , 1164 f Hypersensitivity disorders, 344, 345 t type I, immediate, 344–348, 346 f type II, antibody-mediated, 348–349, 348 f type III, immune complex- mediated, 349–350, 349 f type IV, cell-mediated, 350–351, 350 f Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 351 Hypersplenism, 741 Hypertension, 425–426, 425 t in children and adolescents, 431–432, 432 t with CKD, 645 f , 646 diagnosis and treatment of, 429–430 in elderly, 432–433 hypertensive crisis, 430 myocardial hypertrophy result- ing from, 33, 33 f portal, 740–742, 741 f –742 f in pregnancy, 430–431 primary, 426–427 pulmonary, 590–592, 591 f pulmonary arterial, 590–592, 591 f secondary, 427–428

target organ damage, 428 c , 428–429

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), 41 H zone, 24 f , 25

Immunity, 318

adaptive. See Adaptive immunity innate. See Innate immunity transfer from mother to infant, 341–342, 341 f Immunization, 340 for influenza, 544 Immunocompromised hosts, pneumonia in, 546 Immunodeficiency disorders AIDS. See Acquired immuno- deficiency syndrome primary, 358 c , 358–362 Immunogens. See Antigens Immunoglobulins, 332, 336–337, 336 f , 336 t Immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, 29, 52 Immunohistochemistry, for can- cer diagnosis, 148 Immunologic mechanisms, cancer and, 141–142 Immunologic tolerance, 354–356, 355 f Immunotherapy, for cancer, 141, 151–152 Impacted cerumen, 975 Impaired fasting plasma glucose (IFG), 800 Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 800 Impedance plethysmography, for pulmonary embolism, 589 Impetigo, 1156–1157, 1157 f Impotence, with CKD, 648 Inclusion bodies, 94 Incretin effect, 798 Incretins, 688 t , 689, 809 Incubation period, of infection, 310, 310 f Incus, 976, 975 f Induction, in gene expression, 94 Infant respiratory distress syn- drome, 524, 557–558, 557 f Infants. See also Neonates glaucoma, 969 hearing loss in, 983 heart disease in, 472–481 HIV in, 371 skin disorders of, 1177–1180, 1178 f –1180 f transient hypogammaglobu- linemia of, 359 Infarction, 44 Infections agents of, 298, 298 t autoimmune diseases and, 356–357 bacteria, 300–303, 300 f –303 f bone, 1091–1093, 1091 f with diabetes, 817–818 diagnosis of, 311–314, 313 f –314 f emerging and reemerging, 316 epidemiology of, 306–310 fungi, 304–305, 304 f global infectious diseases, 316 CKD and, 645 f , 648 course of, 310, 310 f

Hypertensive emergency, 430 Hypertensive retinopathy, 965 Hypertensive urgency, 430 Hyperthyroidism, 778 t , 781–783, 782 f Hypertonic hyponatremia, 174 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC), 468–469, 468 f Hypertrophy, cellular, 32–33, 32 f , 33 f Hyperuricemia, 251 Hypervolemic hypotonic hypona- tremia, 174 Hyphae, 304, 304 f , 551 Hypocalcemia, 183–184, 184 f , 184 t Hypochromic, 281 Hypodipsia, 169–170 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 252 transient, of infancy, 359 Hypoglycemia, 812–813 Hypokalemia, 178–180, 178 f , 179 t , 181 f Hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis, 179 Hypomagnesemia, 187–188, 188 t Hyponatremia, 174–175, 175 t Hypoparathyroidism, 189–190 Hypophosphatemia, 186–187, 186 t Hypopituitarism, 769–770 Hypoplasia, 618 Hypopolarization, 826 Hyporeflexia, 888 Hypospadias, 1012, 1012 f Hypotension drug-induced, 434 orthostatic, 433–435, 434 f Hypothalamic-pituitary axis assessment of, 768–769 hormone regulation by, 759, 761, 762 f in menstrual cycle, 1020–1021, 1020 f Hypothalamus hormones of, 759, 762 f –763 f hunger regulation in, 227–228, 227 f male reproductive system and, 997, 997 f Hypothyroidism, 778 t , 779–781 acquired, 778 t , 780–781, 781 f congenital, 779–780, 779 f Hypotonic hyponatremia, 174 Hypoventilation, 595 Hypovolemia, 172–173 Hypovolemic hypotonic hypona- tremia, 174 Hypovolemic shock, 501 c , 501–504, 502 f –503 f Hypoxemia, 566–567 with COPD, 581 pneumothorax and, 570–571 with respiratory failure, 594–595 Hypoxemic respiratory failure, 594 c , 594–595 Hypoxia brain injury, 917–918, 917 f cellular injury from, 40 f , 41 Hypoxia-induced vasoconstric- tion, 529

IAAs. See Insulin autoantibodies IA neuron. See Input association neuron I band, 24 f , 25 IBD. See Inflammatory bowel disease IBS. See Irritable bowel syndrome IC. See Inspiratory capacity ICF compartment. See Intracellular fluid compartment ICP. See Intracranial pressure Icterus. See Jaundice Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 587 Idiopathic type 1B diabetes, 800 t , 802 IDL. See Intermediate-density lipoprotein IE. See Infective endocarditis IFG. See Impaired fasting plasma glucose IFNs. See Interferons IgA, 336 t , 337 selective deficiency of, 360 IgA nephropathy, 626, 626 f IgD, 336 t , 337 IgE, 336 t , 337 IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), 771 IGFBPs. See IGF-binding proteins IGFs. See Insulin-like growth factors IgG, 336 t , 337, 337 f subclass deficiency of, 360 IgM, 336 t , 337 hyper-IgM syndrome, 360 Ig superfamily. See Immunoglobulin superfamily IGT. See Impaired glucose tolerance IL-1. See Interleukin-1 Illness, malnutrition in, 235–236 ILs. See Interleukins Immune cells, in dermis, 1145 Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity disorders, 349–350, 349 f Immune response to allografts, 352 in elderly, 342 hypersensitivity disorders of, 344, 345 t type I, 344–348, 346 f type II, 348–349, 348 f type III, 349–350, 349 f type IV, 350–351, 350 f impaired, in wound healing, 84 regulation of, 340 to stress, 212 Immune surveillance hypothesis, 141 Immune system cells of, 320–321 developmental aspects of, 341–342 disorders of, with CKD, 645 f , 648 tissues of, 321–323, 321 f Immune thrombocytopenic pur- pura (ITP), 270–271

parasites, 305 of penis, 1000 portal of entry of, 306–307 prions, 298–299