Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

1206

Index

DTR. See Deep tendon reflex Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), 889–890, 889 f Ductus venosus, 473 Dural cisterna spinalis, 839 Dura mater, 844, 844 f DV. See Daily value Dwarfism, psychosocial, 772 Dysarthria, from stroke, 936–937 Dysmetria, 888 Dysphagia, 697 Dysplasia, 32 f , 34, 618 Dysplastic nevi, 1173, 1174 f Dyspnea, 495, 537 Dystonia, 888 Dystrophic calcifications, 35, 35 f external, 975–976, 975 f inner, 975 f , 980–981, 980 f middle, 976, 975 f EAR. See Estimated Average Requirement Ear disorders. See also Hearing loss external, 975–976 inner, 980–981 middle, 976–980 Eating disorders, 236–238 EBV. See Epstein-Barr virus Eccrine sweat glands, 1146–1147 ECF compartment. See Extracellular fluid compartment ECG. See Electrocardiography Eclampsia, 430–431 ECM. See Extracellular matrix Ectoderm, 20, 21 f Ectopic pacemaker, 389 ED. See Erectile dysfunction Edema, 163–166, 166 f capillary filtration in, 163, 165 causes of, 163, 163 c cerebral, 918–919 colloidal osmotic pressure in, 165 with heart failure, 494 with spinal cord injury, 912 EER. See Estimated energy requirement Efferent neurons, 27 Efferent pathways, in autonomic nervous system, 848–850, 848 f , 849 t Effusion, 167 pericardial, 466–467, 467 f pleural, 518, 568–569 EIA. See Enzyme immunoassay Eicosanoids, 754–756 Eisenmenger syndrome, 478 Ejaculation, 997–998 Ejection fraction, in cardiac cycle, 392 Ejection period, in cardiac cycle, 390 Elastic recoil, 523 Elastin, 28 Elderly chronic kidney disease in, 653 fever in, 68 hearing loss in, 983–984 Ear Dysdiadochokinesia, 888 Dysfunctional bleeding, 1038–1039 Dysmenorrhea, 1039

heart failure in, 498–499 hypertension in, 432–433 immune response in, 342 pain in, 876–877 red blood cell changes in, 293–294 rheumatic disorders in, 1135–1136 skin disorders in, 1180–1181, 1181 f urinary incontinence in, 666 urinary tract infection in, 670 wound healing in, 84 Electrical forces, cellular injury from, 36–37, 37 f Electrical synapses, 826 Electrocardiography (ECG), 389–390, 390 f –391 f of acute coronary syndromes, 447, 447 f , 449 Electrolytes, dissociation of, 160 Electronystagmography (ENG), 988 Elementary body, 303, 1056–1057 Elimination of minerals, 611–612 of organic ions, 612 of urea, 612 of urine, 656–660, 657 f –659 f , 660 t ELISA. See Enzyme-linked immu- nosorbent assay Embolic stroke, 934 Emphysema, 578–580, 579 f , 580 f Empyema, 569 Emulsification, 689, 691 Encephalitis, 941 Endocardial cushion defects, 476 f , 478 Endocardium, 384 disorders affecting, 457–460, 458 f Endochondromas, 1095 Endocrine glands, 23, 754, 754 f Endocrine system, 753–765 diagnostic tests for, 763–765 disorders of, 742, 767–790 hyperfunction, 768 hypofunction, 767–768 primary, secondary, and tertiary, 768 hormones of. See Hormones Endoderm, 20, 21 f Endometrial cancer, 1032–1033 Endometriosis, 1030–1032, 1031 f Endometritis, 1029–1030 Endomysium, 24, 24 f Endoneurium, 824, 892 Endonucleases, in DNA repair, 90 Endosteum, 1066 Endothelial cells, 403, 403 t in inflammation, 50, 50 f Endothelial dysfunction, 403 Endothelial relaxing factor. See Nitric oxide Endothelins, 490 Endothelium, 21, 403 blood flow control, 398–399 in coagulation, 263 of drugs, 612–613 of hormones, 757 Endogenous algesia, 864 Endogenous pyrogens, 65 Endolymph, 980

Endotoxins, 307, 308 t Energy, storage of, 224

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cancer and, 143 in infectious mononucleosis, 248 Erectile dysfunction (ED), 998–999, 1014. See also Penile erection, dysfunction Erosion, 1148 Error theories, of cellular aging, 45–46 Erythema marginatum, 459 Erythema multiforme minor, 1163, 1164 f Erythroblastosis fetalis, 293 Erythrocytes. See Red blood cells Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), 63 Erythroplasia of Queyrat, 1002 Erythropoiesis, 279–280, 280 f Erythropoietin, 279 synthesis of, 613 Escherichia coli O104:H4, 316 Escherichia coli O157:H7, 301 f , 308, 711 Esophageal diverticula, 697 Esophageal lacerations, 697 Esophageal motility, 681, 684, 684 f Esophageal phase, of swallowing, 681, 684, 684 f Esophageal varices, 741–742, 741 f Esophagus, 676–677, 676 f cancer of, 700 disorders of, 696–700, 698 f . See also Gastroesophageal reflux disease ESR. See Erythrocyte sedimenta- tion rate Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), 225 Estimated energy requirement (EER), 225, 225 t Estrogens, 1021–1023, 1022 t Eumelanin, 1143–1144 Eustachian tube, 976, 975 f disorders of, 976–977, 977 f Euvolemic hypotonic hyponatre- mia, 174 Evaporation, in heat loss, 65 Evasion factors, 308–309, 308 t Ewing sarcoma, 1095 f , 1096–1097 Exercise for diabetes mellitus, 807 for heart failure, 497 Exhaustion stage, in GAS, 208 Exons, 91, 94 f Exostosis. See Osteochondroma Exotoxins, 307–308, 308 t Expiration, 522, 522 f Expressivity, 98 in congenital disorders, 108 Extracellular fluid (ECF) com- partment, 160, 160 f , 161 t body fluid distribution, 162–163, 162 f Extracellular matrix (ECM), 27–28 cell-matrix interactions with, 77, 77 f in healing, 79 Extracorporeal shock-wave litho- tripsy, 635 Extremities arterial disease of, 415–417

assessment of, 228–229, 229 t regulation of, 227–228, 227 f Energy metabolism, 8–11, 9 f , 223–224 ENG. See Electronystagmography Enteric nervous system, 680, 682, 682 f Enterocolitis, infectious, 709–711 Enterocytes, 688 f , 690 Enterohepatic circulation, 729, 729 f Enteropathic arthritis, 1127 Enterotoxins, 308 Enthesitis, 1126, 1126 f Entry inhibitors, for HIV infec- tion, 371 Environment, internal, constancy of, 206–207, 207 b Environmental damage, cellular aging and, 45–46 Environmental influences on cancer, 141–144 in congenital disorders, 120–123, 122 c Enzyme cleavage, 689 Enzyme immunoassay (EIA), for HIV, 370 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for HIV, 370 Enzymes for carbohydrate digestion, 690, 691 t in infection diagnosis, 312 inherited defects of, 286–287 Eosinophils, 242 f , 243–244, 243 f in inflammation, 50 f , 51 Ependymal cells, 27, 824 f , 825 Ependymomas, 943 Epicardium, 382, 384 f Epidermis, 1142–1144, 1142 f –1143 f Epididymitis, 1005 Epidural hematomas, 924–925, 925 f Epigenetic mechanisms, in cancer, 138–139 Epiglottitis, 559 f , 560, 560 t Epimysium, 24, 24 f Epinephrine in circulatory control, 399 glucose and, 798 Epineurial sheath, 824 Epineurium, 892 Epiphyseal growth plate, 1068 Epiphysis, 1065, 1065 f , 1105–1106 Epispadias, 1012, 1012 f Epistasis, 98 Epithelial barriers, in innate immunity, 325 Epithelial hyperplasia, 1043 Epithelial tissue, 20–23, 20 t , 21 f –22 f glandular, 22–23 renewal of, 23 simple, 21 stratified and pseudostratified, 21–22 transitional, 22 Epithelioid cells, 61–62, 62 f

Epitopes, 332, 332 f , 357 Eponychium, 1147 f , 1148