Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

1203

Index

Cardiovascular system disorders of, in chronic kidney disease, 645 f , 646 thyroid hormone and, 777–778 Carditis, rheumatic, 459 Carina, 515–516, 516 f Carpal tunnel syndrome, 893, 893 f Carrier, in genetics, 98, 100 Carrier state, of hepatitis, 732 Cartilage, 1063 repair of, 1064 types of, 1064 Cartilaginous joints, 1074 Caseous necrosis, 44 Casual blood glucose test, 805 Catagen follicles, 1147 Cataracts, 961 Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, 269 Catecholamine, in autonomic nervous system, 851 f , 852 Catheter-induced infection, uri- nary tract infection, 668 Cauda equina, 837 CCK. See Cholecystokinin CCPD. See Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis CDH. See Chronic daily headache CDKs. See Cyclin-dependent kinases CD molecules. See Cluster of dif- ferentiation molecules Celiac disease, 718–719 Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), 28–29 in inflammation, 52 Cell body, of neuron, 822–823 Cell columns, 832–833, 833 f , 833 t –834 t , 835 dorsal horn, 832–833, 833 f ventral horn, 833, 833 f , 835 Cell cycle, 72–75, 74 f –75 f Cell density-dependent inhibition, 133 Cell-derived mediators, 56–60, 57 f , 58 f , 59 f Cell free DNA (cf-DNA) frag- ments, 125 Cell injury causes of, 36–39, 37 f mechanisms of, 39–41, 40 f reversible, 42, 42 f Cell junctions, 27, 28 f Cell-matrix, extracellular matrix interactions with, 77, 77 f Cell-mediated hypersensitivity disorders, 350–351, 350 f Cell-mediated immunity, 319 f , 320, 331, 334 f , 339–340 T lymphocytes and, 338–340, 338 f –339 f Cell membrane, 2–3, 3 f , 8 potentials of, 16–19 receptors of, 12–13, 12 f transport mechanisms of, 13–16, 13 f –14 f water movement across, 14–15 Cells aging of, 45–46, 46 f communication among, 12–13, 12 f death of

differentiation of, 71–72, 72 f division. See Meiosis; Mitosis function of components of, 1–8, 2 f –7 f genetic control of, 87–94 integration of, 12–17 in inflammation, 50–52, 50 f , 51 f metabolism of, 8–11, 9 f aerobic, 6–7, 9–11 anaerobic, 9–10 proliferation of, 71–72, 72 f stress responses of, 31–36, 32 f –33 f , 35 f tumor transformation of, 140, 140 f Cell surface receptors, 758–760, 760 f Cellular immunity. See Cell- mediated immunity Cellular swelling, 42 Cellules, 661 Cellulitis, 1157, 1157 f Cement lines, 1117, 1118 f Central auditory pathways, 980–981, 980 f disorders of, 981 Central chemoreceptors, 536 Central circulation. See Pulmonary circulation Central cord syndrome, 906–907, 907 f Central cyanosis, 566 Central integrative pathways, of autonomic nervous system, 850 Central nervous system (CNS), 27, 821, 822 f longitudinal tracts of, 835–836, 835 f –836 f , 835 t lymphomas of, 943 neuroglial cells of, 824–825, 824 f segmental organization of, 831–836, 831 f –832 f , 833 t –834 t , 835 f –836 f in stress response, 209, 210 f Central tolerance, 354–356 Central venous pressure, 395 Centriacinar emphysema, 580, 580 f Centric fusion, in chromosome, 115, 116 f Cerebellar ataxia, 897 Cerebellum disorders of, 897 in motor function, 882 Cerebral circulation, 930–932, 931 f Cerebral edema, 918–919 Cerebral hemispheres, 840 f , 842, 843 f Cerebral vasospasm, 938 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 844–845, 845 f Cerebrospinal fluid–brain barrier, 846 Cerebrovascular disease, 930–939 circulation and, 930–932, 931 f stroke. See Stroke Cerumen, impacted, 975 Cervicitis, 1028 Cervix, 1018–1020, 1019 f cancer of, 1028–1029, 1028 b disorders of, 1027–1029, 1027 f

CF. See Cystic fibrosis cf-DNA. See Cell free DNA fragments CFRD. See Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes CFTR. See Cystic fibrosis trans- membrane regulator CFUs. See Colony-forming units CGM. See Continuous glucose monitoring Chancroid, 1053 Checkpoints, of cell cycle, 72–73, 75, 75 f Chemical gastropathy, 703 Chemicals cancer and, 142 c , 142–143 cellular injury from, 38–39 as teratogenic agent, 121–123 Chemical synapses, 826–829 Chemokines, 323 in inflammation, 59, 59 f in metastasis, 136 Chemoreceptor reflexes, 421, 423 Chemoreceptors, for breathing regulation, 536 Chemotaxis, in inflammatory response, 55–56 Chemotherapy for cancer, 150–151, 150 f side effects of, 151 Cherry angiomas, 1181 Chest cage, 521–522 Chest wall, in neonate, 556, 556 f Cheyne-Stokes respiration, 494 Chickenpox. See Varicella Childhood, male reproductive system disorders of, 1012–1013, 1012 f –1013 f Children bone growth in, 1068 bronchial asthma in, 577–578 cancer in, 153–155, 153 f , 154 t chronic kidney disease in, 652–653 diabetes mellitus management in, 810 fever in, 68 gastroesophageal reflux disease in, 699–700 GH and IGF deficiency in, 772–773, 772 f GH excess in, 773, 773 f hearing loss in, 983 heart disease in, 472–481 HIV in, 371 hypertension in, 431–432, 432 t obesity in, 233 pain in, 875–876 respiratory tract infections in, 559–561, 559 f , 560 t , 561 c rheumatic disorders in, 1133–1135 short stature in, 771 c , 771–773 skeletal disorders in, 1098– 1107, 1098 f –1106 f , 1102 t skin disorders in, 1177–1180, 1178 f –1180 f urinary tract infections in, 669–670 Chill, 67 Chlamydiaceae, 303–304 Chlamydial conjunctivitis, 958 Chlamydial infections, 1056– 1058, 1057 f

Chloride/bicarbonate exchange, 194–195 Cholangiocarcinoma, 744 Cholangitis, 748 Cholecystitis, 746–747 Cholecystokinin (CCK), 227 f , 228, 688 t , 689, 745 Choledocholithiasis, 748 Cholelithiasis, 746, 747 f Cholestasis, 730–731 Cholestatic drug reactions, 737 Cholesteatomas, 977 f , 979 Cholesterol bad. See Low-density lipoprotein good. See High-density lipoprotein Cholinergic receptors, in autonomic nervous system, 851, 851 f Chondrocytes, 1064 Chondromas, 1095 Chondrosarcoma, 130, 131 t , 1095 f , 1096 Chorea, 459, 888 Chorionic villus sampling, 125 f , 126 Choroid plexus, 824 f , 825, 844–845, 845 f Chromatin, 2 f , 3, 89, 89 f Chromosomes, 89, 89 f , 95–97, 95 f . See also Sex chromosomes Chronic kidney disease (CKD) bone disease with, 645 f , 647 cardiovascular disorders with, 645 f , 646 in children, 652–653 clinical manifestations of, 644–649 clinical stages of, 644 diagnosis of, 644 dietary management of, 649–650 in elderly, 653 fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders, 645–646 glomerular filtration rate and, 643–644, 643 f , 644 t hematologic disorders with, 645 f , 647–648 immunologic disorders, 645 f , 648 mineral disorders of, 645 f , 646–647 neuromuscular complications, 645 f , 648 sexual dysfunction, 645 f , 648–649 treatment of, 649–651, 651 f Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 252 Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), 252–253, 253 f abnormalities of, 133 disorders of, 115–120 numeric, 116–118, 117 f sex chromosomes, 118–120, 118 f –119 f structure of, 95 f , 96–97, 96 f abnormalities in, 115–116, 116 f Chronic daily headache (CDH), 874–875 Chronic hypertension, 431 Chronic ischemic heart disease, 454–456, 455 f

apoptosis, 42–44, 42 f , 43 f necrosis, 42 f , 44–45, 44 f