Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

1202

Index

Body mass index (BMI), calcula- tion of, 228, 229 t Body-self neuromatrix, 861 Body weight. See Weight Bone marrow, 242–243, 242 f , 1065 f , 1066 Bone mineral density (BMD), 1112, 1114 Bones, 1063–1064 blood supply to, 1066, 1067 f buffer activity of, 194 cells of, 1066–1068, 1067 f , 1068 t formation of, hormonal growth of, 1068 healing of, 1085–1088, 1086 f –1087 f infections of, 1091–1093, 1091 f metabolism of disorders of, 1111–1118, 1112 c , 1114 f , 1117 f –1118 f hormonal control of, 1069, 1069 t , 1071–1073, 1071 f –1072 f metastatic disease of, 1097 osteonecrosis of, 1093 c , 1093–1094, 1093 f parts of, 1065–1066, 1065 f remodeling of, 1068–1071, 1070 f –1071 f , 1087, 1087 f , 1088 tumors of, 1094 benign, 1095 malignant, 1095–1097, 1095 f –1096 f types of, 1065, 1065 f Bone tissue, 1066, 1067 f Bony callus formation, in fracture healing, 1087, 1087 f , 1088 Borrelia burgdorferi , 301 f Bovine spongiform encephalopa- thy (BSE), 298 Bowen disease, 1002 Bowlegs. See Genu varum Bowman space, 601 f –602 f , 602 BPD. See Bronchopulmonary dysplasia BPPV. See Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Brachytherapy, 150 Bradykinesia, 888 Bradykinin, in circulatory control, 399 Brain, 840–846, 840 f –841 f , 843 f –846 f pain and, 862–863 tumors of, 942–944 ventricular system of, 844–845, 845 f Brain attack. See Stroke Brain injury, 916 concussions, 926 contusions, 924 diffuse, 926–929, 927 f , 927 t –928 t , 929 f diffuse axonal injury, 926 edema, 918–919 excitatory amino acids in, 918, 918 f hematomas, 924–926, 925 f –926 f control of, 1069, 1069 t , 1071–1073, 1071 f –1072 f infections of, 940–941 meninges of, 844, 844 f

herniation, 919, 921 f –922 f , 922 hydrocephalus, 922–923 hypoxic, 916–918, 917 f increased intracranial pressure in, 919 ischemic, 916–918, 917 f mechanisms of, 916–919 traumatic, 923–926, 924 f Brain stem, 833 t –834 t , 840 f , 841–842 in motor function, 881 Breakpoint cluster region (BCR), 250 f , 251 Breast cancer of, 1044–1046, 1045 f disorders of, 1042–1044 fibrocystic changes of, 1043 inflammation of, 1042–1043 proliferative lesions of, 1043–1044 structures of, 1041–1042, 1042 f Breathing. See also Ventilation airflow during, 524–525, 525 f efficiency of, 527 regulation of, 536 work of, 527 Breathlessness. See Dyspnea Bronchi, 515–517, 516 f Bronchial asthma, 572–578 in children, 577–578 diagnosis and treatment of, 575–577, 576 t etiology and pathogenesis of, 572–575, 573 f –574 f extrinsic, 573–574, 573 f –574 f intrinsic, 573 f –574 f , 574–575 manifestations of, 575 severe, 577 Bronchial circulation, 518 f , 519 Bronchiectasis, 582–583, 583 f Bronchiolitis, acute, 559 f , 560–561, 560 t Bronchitis, chronic, 580 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), 558–559 Bronchospasm, 517 Brown fat, 224 Brown-Séquard syndrome, 907–908, 908 f Bruise, 1079 Brunner glands, 687 Brush border enzymes, 690 BSE. See Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Buerger disease. See Thromboangiitis obliterans Buffer system, 194 Bulbourethral glands, 994 f , 997 Bulimia nervosa, 237 Bullae, 1148, 1149 f BUN. See Blood urea nitrogen Bundle of His, 387, 387 f Buphthalmos, 969 Burkitt lymphomas, 254, 254 c , 255 f alterations in, 556 f , 557 control of, 535–537, 535 f

Cachexia

oxygen transport to, 530, 532 f peritubular, 601 f permeability of, in edema, 165–166 structure of, 396, 396 f Capillary blood glucose monitor- ing, 806 Capillary pores, 396, 396 f , 398 f Caput medusae, 741 Carbaminohemoglobin, 534 Carbohydrates digestion and absorption of, 690, 691 f , 691 t , 717, 718 t liver in, 727, 727 t , 728 f energy requirements for, 226 renal blood flow and, 610–611 for wound healing, 81 Carbon, cellular accumulation of, 35 Carbon dioxide bicarbonate production and, 192–193 increased production of, 201 transport of, 192–193, 192 f –193 f , 534 Carbonic acid, 534 Carbonic anhydrase (CA), 192–193, 534 Carcinogenesis, apoptosis and, 43 Carcinoma, 130, 131 t . See also specific types Cardiac asthma, 494 Cardiac conduction system, 386–387, 387 f action potentials in, 387–388, 388 f disorders of, 389 electrocardiography of, 389–390, 390 f –391 f refractory periods in, 388–389, 389 f Cardiac contractility, 392–393, 393 f Cardiac cycle, 390, 391 f atrial filling and contraction, 391 f , 392 diastole, 390–392, 391 f systole, 390, 391 f Cardiac glycosides, for heart failure, 498 Cardiac tamponade, 466–467, 467 f Cardinal signs of inflammation, 53 Cardiogenic shock, 501 c , 502 f , 504–505 Cardioinhibitory center, 400 Cardiometabolic syndrome. See Metabolic syndrome Cardiomyopathies arrhythmogenic right ventricu- lar, 469 dilated, 469–470, 470 f hypertrophic, 468–469, 468 f myocarditis, 470–471 peripartum, 471 primary restrictive, 470 secondary, 471, 472 c takotsubo, 471 Cardiovascular center, of brain, 420 Cardiac muscle, 24 Cardiac orifice, 677 Cardiac output (CO), 392 control of, 487 Cardiac region, 677 Cardiac reserve, 392

in cancer, 145 with heart failure, 495 CAD. See Coronary artery disease Cadherins, 29 CAH. See Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Calcifications with CKD, 645 f , 647 pathologic, 35, 35 f Calcipotriene ointment, for psoriasis, 1165 Calcitonin, 1114–1115 in bone formation and metabolism, 1069 t , 1072 Calcium absorption of, 717, 718 t imbalance of, with CKD, 646–647 Calcium antagonists, 469 Calcium balance, 181–182, 182 f disorders of, 182–185 regulation of, 182–183, 182 f Calcium stones, in kidneys, 633–634, 633 t Callus, 1148 Callus formation, in frac- ture healing, 1086–1088, 1086 f –1087 f Caloric testing, 988 Calories, 223 energy requirements for, 225, 225 t CAMs. See Cell adhesion molecules Cancer. See also specific anatomic site anemia in, 144–145 anorexia and cachexia in, 145 in children, 153–155, 153 f , 154 t clinical manifestations of, 144–146 diagnosis of, 147–149, 147 t dysplasia in, 34 etiology of, 137–144 fatigue and sleep disorders in, 145 genetic basis of, 137–140 host and environmental factors of, 141–144 invasion of, 134–135 metastasis. See Metastasis molecular and cellular path- ways of, 139–140, 139 f molecular basis of, 137–140 screening for, 147 treatment of, 149–152 Cancer-associated genes, 137–138, 138 f Candida albicans , 305 in vagina, 1054–1055, 1054 f Candidiasis skin, 1156 vaginal, 1054–1055, 1054 f CAPD. See Continuous ambula- tory peritoneal dialysis Capillaries colloidal osmotic pressure in, 163–165, 164 f

Burn. See Thermal injury Bursae, 1075–1076, 1075 f

filtration of, 163, 165 hydrostatic pressure in, 163–164, 164 f lymphatic drainage by, 163, 165, 165 f obstruction of, 166

CA. See Carbonic anhydrase CABG. See Coronary artery bypass grafting