Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

1201

Index

clinical manifestations of, 411 in coronary artery disease, 446 development of, 410–413, 410 f , 412 f –413 f diabetes mellitus and, 816 epidemiology of, 408–410, 409 c risk factors for, 408–410, 409 c Atherosclerotic plaque stable v. unstable, 446–447, 449 f thrombosis and vessel occlu- sion, 446–447 Atmospheric pressure, 520–521 ATN. See Acute tubular necrosis Atonic seizures, 947 Atopic dermatitis, 1161–1162, 1162 f Atopic reactions, 347–348 ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 611 Atrial septal defects, 476 f –477 f , 477 Atrioventricular (AV) node, 386–387, 387 f Atrioventricular (AV) valves, 385, 385 f Atrium, filling and contraction of, 391 f , 392 Atrophy, 32, 32 f of muscles, 889 Atypical pneumonia, 544–545, 545 f , 547 Auscultatory gap, 433 Auspitz sign, 1164 Autocrine action, of hormones, 754, 755 f Autograft, for thermal injury, 1170–1171 Autoimmune diseases, 354, 354 c diagnosis and treatment of, 357 gastritis, 702–703 immunologic tolerance, 354–356, 355 f mechanisms of, 356–357 Autoimmune hepatitis, 735–736 Autologous graft, 353 Autonomic dysreflexia, 910–911, 911 f Autonomic hyperreflexia, with spastic bladder, 663 Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 822, 847–852 in bladder control, 657–659, 658 f in blood pressure regulation, 420, 421, 423, 423 f –424 f central integrative pathways of, 850 circulatory system control by, 399–400 craniosacral division of, 850. See also Parasympathetic nervous system disorders of, orthostatic hypo- tension and, 434–435 efferent pathways of, 848–850, 848 f , 849 t in gastrointestinal system, 680–682, 682 f –683 f neurotransmission in, 850–852 spinal cord injury and disrup- tion in, 910–911, 911 f

in stress response, 209–210, 210 f thoracolumbar division of. See Sympathetic nervous system Autonomic neuropathies, 815 Autophagolysosome, 5 f , 6 Autophagosome, 5 f , 6 Autoregulation, of renal blood flow, 609–610 Autosomal dominant disorders, 107 t , 108–110, 108 f polycystic kidney diseases, 619–620, 619 f Autosomal recessive disorders, 107 t , 110–111, 110 f polycystic kidney diseases, 620 Autosomes, 95. See also Chromosomes AV. See Atrioventricular Avascular necrosis. See Osteonecrosis Avoidance, in PTSD, 217 AV shunts. See Arteriovenous shunts Axial skeleton, 1063, 1064 f Back pain, 894–896 Bacteria, 300–303, 300 f –303 f in intestines, 692–693 pneumonia, 546–547, 546 t Bacterial conjunctivitis, 958 Bacterial infections in intestines, 710–711 of skin, 1156–1157, 1157 f Bacterial meningitis, 940–941, 940 f Bacterial prostatitis, 1007 Bacterial vaginosis, 1055–1056, 1056 f Bactericidal, 314 Bacteriostatic, 314 Baker cyst, 1120 Balanitis, 1000 Balanoposthitis, 1000 Baroreceptor reflexes, 421 Baroreceptors, 421, 423 f –424 f Barr body, 95 Barrel chest, 580, 581 f Barrett esophagus, 699 Bartholin gland cyst, 1025 Basal cell carcinoma, 1175–1176, 1176 f Basal ganglia disorders of, 897–901 in motor function, 882 movement disorders, 898, 899 t Base, of lung, 514 Basement membrane, 20–21, 22 f , 77 Basement membrane zone, 1145–1146, 1146 f Basolateral membrane, 604 Basophils, 242 f , 243–244, 243 f , 345 in inflammation, 50 f , 51–52 B-cell lymphomas, 254 c , 254–255 BCR. See Breakpoint cluster region Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), 889–890 Axon hillock, 822, 822 f Axons, 822–823, 822 f degeneration of, 892–893, 892 f Azotemia, with chronic kidney disease, 644

Bedsores. See Pressure ulcers Bence Jones proteins, 257, 257 f Benign hyperplasia prostate (BHP), 1008–1010, 1008 f –1009 f Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), 985 f , 987 Berger disease. See IgA nephropathy Berry aneurysm, 417, 417 f , 937–938 BHP. See Benign hyperplasia prostate Bicarbonate in acid-base balance, 197–198 buffer system, 194 carbon dioxide and, 192–193, 192 f reabsorption of, 194–195, 199, 200 f Biguanides, 808 Bile, formation of, 729 Bile canaliculi, 726, 726 f Biliary cirrhosis, 736 Biliary disorders, intrahepatic, 736 Bilirubin formation of, 729–730, 729 f heme conversion to, 280, 281 f Bilirubinuria, 748 Binge eating, 238 Biochemical analyses, prenatal, 126 Bioelectrical impedance, body fat measurement, 229 Biofeedback, for stress, 219 Biofilms, 301–302, 302 f Biologic agents cellular injury from, 39 for RA, 1123 Biologic response modifiers, for cancer, 152 Biopsy for cancer diagnosis, 148 fetal, 126 liver, 731 Biotherapy, for cancer, 151–152 Biotransformations, 737 Birth defects. See Congenital disorders Birthmarks, 1178 Bivalents, 96 Blackheads, 1160 Bladder cancer of, 671–672, 671 f flaccid, 659 f , 663 function of disorders of, 661–666, 662 f , 662 t disruption in, with spinal cord injury, 911–912 evaluation of, 659–660 neural control of, 657–658, 659 f , 660 t infection of. See Urinary tract infection neurogenic disorders, 662–664, 662 t painful syndrome, 670–671 spastic, 659 f , 665–666 structure of, 656–657, 657 f disorders of, 661–666, 662 f , 662 t

disorders of, 269–275 with vascular disorders, 273 Blisters, 1148, 1149 f Blood-brain barrier, 846, 846 f Blood flow control of, 394–400 autoregulation, 397–398 endothelial, 398–399 humoral, 399 coronary, 444–446, 445 f , 447 f –448 f distribution of, 529 hemodynamics of, 380–381, 380 f –381 f laminar, 378, 381, 381 f myocardial, 448–449, 448 f –449 f principles of, 378–379 renal, regulation of, 609–611 turbulent, 378, 381, 381 f velocity of, 378, 381 f for wound healing, 83–84 Blood loss anemia, 282–283, 283 f Blood pressure low. See Hypotension measurement of, 425 RAAS in, 613 regulation of, 420–421, 421 f , 423–424, 424 f Blood supply to bones, 1066, 1067 f to joints, 1075 to kidneys, 600–601, 601 f to retina, 963, 963 f disorders of, 963–965, 964 f Blood tests, 614–615, 614 t for diabetes mellitus, 805–806 for endocrine function, 763–764 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 612, 614–615, 614 t Blood vessels anatomy of, 394–395, 394 f arterial, 395, 395 f compliance of, 379 in dermis, 1145 distensibility of, 379 structure of, 402–404, 403 f venous, 395–396, 396 f wall tension of, 379, 379 f Blount disease. See Tibia vara Blue bloaters, 580–581 B lymphocytes, 243 f , 244 in adaptive immunity, 332–333, 333 f –334 f differentiation of, 242, 242 f , 335, 336 f humoral immunity and, 335–338, 336 f immunodeficiency disorders, 358–360, 359 f in innate immunity, 319–322, 319 f tolerance to, 350 f , 355 BMD. See Becker muscular dys- trophy; Bone mineral density aortic, 448, 448 f arterial, 422, 422 f disorders of, 420–435, 420 f determinants of, 422–423, 422 f –423 f

Blast cells, 244, 245 f Blastomycosis, 551 Bleeding

BMI. See Body mass index Body circumferences, 228