Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

1200

Index

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 731 Alarm stage, in GAS, 208 Albinism, 1149 Albumin, 615 Alcohol. See also Fetal alcohol syndrome cancer and, 142–143 fetal development and, 122–123 liver metabolism of, 738 Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 738 Alcoholic cirrhosis, 738 Alcoholic hepatitis, 738 Alcohol-induced liver disease, 738, 738 f Aldosterone, in potassium regula- tion, 177–178, 180 Aldosterone receptor antagonists, for heart failure, 498 Algesia, endogenous, 864 ALI. See Acute lung injury Alimentary canal. See Gastrointestinal system Alkaline phosphatase, 731 Alkalosis, 195–196 metabolic, 198 t , 199–200, 200 f respiratory, 201–202, 201 t ALL. See Acute lymphocytic leukemia Alleles, 98, 107 Allergens, 344–345 Allergic conjunctivitis, 958 Allergic contact dermatitis, 351 Allergic dermatoses, 1161–1164, 1162 f , 1164 f Allergic reactions, 344–345 Allergic rhinitis, 347 Allergies, food, 347–348 Allogeneic graft, 353 Allografts, immune recognition of, 352 Allostasis, 209 Alport syndrome, 626 ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALT. See Alanine aminotransferase Alveolar macrophages, 518–519, 519 f Alveolar pressure, 521, 521 f Alveolar ventilation, 528, 565–566 Alveoli oxygen transport, 530, 532 f structures, 518–519, 518 f –519 f Alzheimer disease, 948–950, 949 f Amblyopia, 973–974 AMDR. See Acceptable macronu- trient distribution range Amenorrhea, 1039 Amino acids, excitatory, in brain injury, 918, 918 f Aminotransferases, 728 AML. See Acute myeloid leukemia Ammonia, urea conversion of, 727–729, 727 t , 728 f Ammonia buffers, 195 Amniocentesis, 125 f , 126 AMP. See Adenosine monophosphate Amphiarthroses, 1074 Ampulla of Vater. See Hepatopancreatic ampulla Amylin, 798

Amyloid precursor protein (APP), 949 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 41, 902 Anaerobes, 302 Anaerobic metabolism, 9–10 Anagen follicles, 1147 Analgesic nephritis, 630 Analgesics, 867–868 Anaphylactic shock, 501 c , 506 Anaphylaxis, 346–347 Anaplasia, 132–133, 132 f Anaplasmataceae, 303–304 Anatomic dead space, 528 Anatomic reserve, for adaptation, 213 Anatomic shunt, 529 ANCAs. See Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies Anchorage independence, 133 Androgens, 1023 adrenal, 784 f , 785–786 Andropause, 1014 Anemia, 282, 283 f , 742 aplastic, 289–290 blood loss, 282–283, 283 f in cancer, 144–145 of chronic disease, 290 with CKD, 647–648 megaloblastic, 288–289, 289 f sickle cell, 283–285, 284 f –285 f thalassemias, 286 vitamin B 12 -deficiency, 288–289, 289 f Anergy, 354 aortic, 417–418, 417 f –418 f dissecting, 417–419, 417 f subarachnoid hemorrhage, 937–938, 937 f ventricular, 454, 455 f Angelman syndrome, 111–112 Angiitis, 411, 414, 414 t Angina stable, 455, 455 f variant, 456 Angiogenesis, 78–79, 79 f , 136, 140 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, 423 for heart failure, 497–498 Angiotensin I, 423, 423 f –424 f Angiotensin II in circulatory control, 399, 423, 423 f –424 f stress response of, 211 Angiotensinogen, 423, 423 f –424 f , 755 Angle-closure glaucoma, 968 f , 969 Angular deformities, of limbs, 1098–1100, 1098 f –1100 f Anion gap, 195, 195 f , 197 c Ankylosing spondylitis, 1126– 1127, 1126 f Ankyrin, 277, 278 f Anopia, 970 Anorexia, 693 in cancer, 145 Anorexia nervosa, 237 ANP. See Atrial natriuretic peptide folic acid-deficiency, 289 hemolytic, 280, 283–287 iron-deficiency, 287–288 Aneuploidy, 116, 133 Aneurysms, 417–419

ANS. See Autonomic nervous system Anterior cord syndrome, 907, 908 f Anterolateral pathway, 857, 857 f Antibacterial agents, 314–315 Antibiotics, 314–315 for cystic fibrosis, 585 Antibodies, 319–320, 319 f , 332. See also Immunoglobulins Antibody-mediated hypersensitiv- ity disorders, 348–349, 348 f Antibody titer, 312 Anticodons, 93 Antidiabetic agents, 807–809, 808 f –809 f Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 168– 169, 169 f , 423–424, 423 f –424 f Antigenic drift, 542 Antigenic shift, 542 Antigen-presenting cells, 320, 332 Antigens, 319, 331–332, 332 f superantigens, 357 Antihormone therapy, for cancer, 151 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic anti- bodies (ANCAs), 411 Antioxidants, 40–41 Antiphospholipid syndrome, 268–269 Antipyretic drugs, 65, 67 α 1 -Antitrypsin, in emphysema, 579–580 Antiviral agents, 315 for influenza, 544 Aorta, coarctation of, 428, 476 f , 479–480 Aortic aneurysm, 417–418, 417 f –418 f Aortic balloon pump, for cardio- genic shock, 505, 505 f Aortic dissection, 417–419, 417 f Aortic valve, 385–386, 386 f , 463–464 regurgitation of, 461 f , 464 stenosis of, 461 f , 463–464 Apex, of lung, 514 Aphasia, from stroke, 936–937 Aplastic anemia, 246–248, 247 c , 289–290 Apneustic center, 535, 535 f Apocrine sweat glands, 1146–1147 Apolipoproteins, 404–405, 405 f Apoptosis, 42–44, 42 f , 43 f , 72 f cancer and, 140 mitochondria in, 7 neoplasms and, 130 Apotransferrin, 279, 279 f APP. See Amyloid precursor protein Appendicitis, 712–713 Appendicular skeleton, 1063, 1064 f Appetite, 227–228, 227 f Aquaporin-2 channel, 607, 609, 609 f Aquaporins, 15, 160, 170 Arachidonic acid metabolites, in inflammation, 57–58, 58 f disorders of, 170–171 stress response of, 212 in urine concentration, 607–609, 608 f –609 f Antifungal agents, 315 Antigenic determinants. See Epitopes

Arachnodactyly, 108, 109 f Arachnoid mater, 844, 844 f Arachnoid villi, 844 f –845 f , 845 Archilayer, of white matter, 835 f ARDS. See Acute respiratory distress syndrome Areflexia, 888 Areola, 1041, 1042 f Areolar tissue. See Loose connec- tive tissue Arrhythmias, 389, 495 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D), 469 Arterial blood gases, 195 Arterial blood pressure, 422, 422 f –424 f disorders of, 420–435, 420 f Arterial chemoreceptors, 421, 423, 423 f –424 f Arterial system, 395, 395 f disorders of, 404–419. See also specific disorder Arteries, coronary, 444–447, 445 f , 447 f –448 f , 450 Arteriovenous malformations, 939, 939 f Arteriovenous (AV) shunts, in heat loss, 64 Arteritis, 411, 414, 414 t Arthritis, 1119 crystal-induced, 1131–1133, 1132 f , 1135–1136 juvenile idiopathic, 1133–1134 osteoarthritis, 1128–1131, 1129 f , 1130 t , 1135 polyarthritis, 459 psoriatic, 1128 reactive, 1127–1128, 1127 f rheumatoid, 1119–1123, 1119 f , 1121 f , 1122 c , 1135 Arthropods, 305 Arthus reaction, 350 ARVC/D. See Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia Ascites, 167, 740–741, 741 f ASD. See Acute stress disorder Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 731 Aspiration pneumonia, 515 AST. See Aspartate aminotransferase Astereognosis, 856–857 Asterixis, 648 Asthma bronchial, 572–578 cardiac, 494 in children, 577–578 diagnosis and treatment of, 575–577, 576 t etiology and pathogenesis of, 572–575, 573 f –574 f extrinsic, 573–574, 573 f –574 f intrinsic, 573 f –574 f , 574–575 manifestations of, 575 severe, 577 Astigmatism, 960–961 Astrocytes, 27, 824, 824 f Astrocytoma, 942 Asymmetric replication, 73 Ataxia, 888 Atelectasis, 571, 571 f Atherosclerosis, 408, 409 f