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CHAPTER 96  Spinal Cord Stimulation

125. Foreman RD, Linderoth B, Ardell JL, et al. Modulation of intrinsic cardiac neuronal activity by spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in the dog: implications for the use of SCS in angina pectoris. Cardiovasc Res 2000;47(2):367–375. 126. Foreman RD, DeJongste MJL, Linderoth B. Integrative control of cardiac function by cervical and thoracic spinal neurons. In: Armour JA, Ardell JL, eds. Basic and Clinical Neurocardiology . London: Oxford University Press; 2004:153–186. 127. Chauhan A, Mullins PA, Thuraisingham SI, et al. Effect of transcuta­ neous electrical nerve stimulation on coronary blood flow. Circulation 1994;89(2):694–702. 128. Norrsell H, Eliasson T, Mannheimer C, et al. Effects of pacing-induced myocardial stress and spinal cord stimulation on whole body and cardiac norepinephrine spillover. Eur Heart J 1997;18(12):1890–1896. 129. Southerland EM, Milhorn D, Foreman RD, et al. Preemptive, but not reac­ tive, spinal cord stimulation mitigates transient ischemia-induced myocar­ dial infarction via cardiac adrenergic neurons. Am J Physiology Heart Circ Physiol 2007;292(1):H311–H317. 130. Foreman RD. Mechanisms of visceral pain: from nociception to targets. Drug Dis Today: Dis Mech 2004;1:457–463. 131. Armour JA, Linderoth B, Arora RC, et al. Long-term modulation of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system by spinal cord stimulation in normal and ischemic hearts. Auton Neurosci 2004;95(1–2):71–79. 132. Lopshire JC, Zhou X, Dusa C, et al. Spinal cord stimulation improves ven­ tricular function and reduces ventricular arrhythmias in a canine postin­ farction heart failure model. Circulation 2009;120:286–294. 133. Odenstedt J, Linderoth B, Bergfeldt L, et al. Spinal cord stimulation on myocardial ischemia, infarct size, ventricular arrhythmias, and noninvasive electrophysiology in a porcine ischemia-reperfusion model. Heart Rhythm 2011;8(6):892–898. 134. Howard-Quijano K, Takamiya T, Dale EA, et al. Spinal cord stimulation reduces ventricular arrhythmias during acute ischemia by attenuation of re­ gional myocardial excitability. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017;313(2): H421–H431. 135. Qin C, Farber JP, Linderoth B, et al. Neuromodulation of thoracic intraspi­ nal visceroreceptive transmission by electrical stimulation of spinal dorsal column and somatic afferents in rats. J Pain 2008;9(1):71–78. 136. Guru K, Mailis A, Ashby P, et al. Postsynaptic potentials in motoneurons caused by spinal cord stimulation in humans. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987;66(3):275–280. 137. Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Johnson AC, Foreman RD, et al. Attenuation by spinal cord stimulation of a nociceptive reflex generated by colorectal distention in a rat model. Auton Neurosci 2003;104(1):17–24. 138. Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Johnson AC, Foreman RD, et al. Spinal cord stimulation attenuates viscero-motor reflexes in a rat model of post-inflammatory colonic hypersensitivity. Auton Neurosci 2005;122(102):69–76. 139. Krames E, Mousad DG. Spinal cord stimulation reverses pain and diarrheal episodes of irritable bowel syndrome: a case report. Neuromodulation 2004;7:82–88. 140. Lind G, Winter J, Linderoth B, et al. Therapeutic value of spinal cord stim­ ulation in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized cross-over pilot study. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015;308(10):R887–R894. 141. North RB, Kidd DH, Farrokhi F, et al. Spinal cord stimulation versus repeated lumbosacral spine surgery for chronic pain: a randomized, con­ trolled trial. Neurosurgery 2005;56(1):98–106. 142. Kumar K, Taylor RS, Jacques L, et al. Spinal cord stimulation versus con­ ventional medical management for neuropathic pain: a multicentre ran­ domised controlled trial in patients with failed back surgery syndrome. Pain 2007;132(1–2):179–188. 143. Law JD. Spinal stimulation in the “failed back surgery syndrome”: com­ parison of technical criteria for palliating pain in the leg vs. in the low back. Acta Neurochir 1992;117:95. 144. North RB, Kidd DH, Olin J, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for axial low back pain: a prospective, controlled trial comparing dual with single percu­ taneous electrodes. Spine 2005;30(12):1412–1418. 145. Van Buyten JP, Al-Kaisy A, Smet I, et al. High-frequency spinal cord stimu­ lation for the treatment of chronic back pain patients: results of a prospec­ tive multicenter European clinical study. Neuromodulation 2013;16:59–65. 146. Al-Kaisy A, Van Buyten JP, Smet I, et al. Sustained effectiveness of 10 kHz high-frequency spinal cord stimulation for patients with chronic, low back pain: 24-month results of a prospective multicenter study. Pain Med 2014;15:347–354. 147. Kapural L, Yu C, Doust MW, et al. Novel 10-kHz high-frequency therapy (HF10 therapy) is superior to traditional low-frequency spinal cord stim­ ulation for the treatment of chronic back and leg pain: the SENZA-RCT randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology 2015;123(4):851–860. 148. Kapural L, Yu C, Doust MW, et al. Comparison of 10-kHz high-frequency and traditional low-frequency spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic back and leg pain: 24-month results from a multicenter, random­ ized, controlled pivotal trial. Neurosurgery 2016;79(5):667–677. 149. Thomson S, Zadeh MT, Love-Jones S, et al. The PROCO randomised con­ trolled trial: effects of pulse rate on clinical outcomes in kilohertz frequency spinal cord stimulation: a multicentre, double-blind, crossover study. Paper presented at: International Neuromodulation Society; May 2017; Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

150. Schu S, Slotty PJ, Bara G, et al. A prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to examine the effectiveness of burst spinal cord stimulation patterns for the treatment of failed back surgery syndrome. Neuromodulation 2014;17(5):443–450. 151. Deer T, Slavin KV, Amirdelfan K, et al. Success using neuromodulation with burst (SUNBURST) study: results from a prospective, randomized controlled trial using a novel burst waveform. Neuromodulation 2018;21(1):56–66. doi:10.1111/ner.1.2698. 152. Kemler MA, Barendse GA, van Kleef M, et al. Spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med 2000;343(9):618–624. 153. Kemler MA, De Vet HC, Barendse GA, et al. The effect of spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy: two years’ follow-up of the randomized controlled trial. Ann Neurol 2004; 55(1):13–18. 154. Kemler MA, de Vet HC, Barendse GA, et al. Effect of spinal cord stim­ ulation for chronic complex regional pain syndrome Type I: five-year final follow-up of patients in a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg 2008;108(2):292–298. 155. Mannheimer C, Eliasson T, Augustinsson LE, et al. Electrical stimulation versus coronary artery bypass surgery in severe angina pectoris: the ESBY study. Circulation 1998;97(12):1157–1163. 156. Andréll P, Ekre O, Eliasson T, et al. Cost-effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with se­ vere angina pectoris—long-term results from the ESBY study. Cardiology 2003;99(1):20–24. 157. Ekre O, Eliasson T, Norrsell H, et al. Long-term effects of spinal cord stim­ ulation and coronary artery bypass grafting on quality of life and survival in the ESBY study. Eur Heart J 2002;23(24):1938–1945. 158. Norrsell H, Pilhall M, Eliasson T, et al. Effects of spinal cord stimulation and coronary artery bypass grafting on myocardial ischemia and heart rate variability: further results from the ESBY study. Cardiology 2000;94(1): 12–18. 159. Ubbink DT, Vermeulen H. Spinal cord stimulation for non-reconstructable chronic critical leg ischaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(3): CD004001. 160. Ubbink DT, Vermeulen H. Spinal cord stimulation for critical leg ischemia: a review of effectiveness and optimal patient selection. J Pain Symptom Manage 2006;31(4 suppl):S30–S35. 161. Ubbink DT, Spincemaille GH, Prins MH, et al. Microcirculatory investi­ gations to determine the effect of spinal cord stimulation for critical leg ischemia: the Dutch multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Vasc Surg 1999;30(2):236–244. 162. Barolat G, Myklebust JR, Wenninger W. Effects of spinal cord stimula­ tion on spasticity and spasms secondary to myelopathy. Appl Neurophys 1988;51:29–44. 163. Augustinsson LE, Linderoth B, Mannheirmer C. Spinal cord stimulation in various ischaemic conditions. In: Illis L, ed. Spinal Cord Dysfunction. III: Functional Stimulation . Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford Medical Publications; 1992:272–295. 164. Robaina FJ, Dominguez M, Diaz M, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for relief of chronic pain in vasospastic disorders of the upper limbs. Neurosurgery 1989;24:63–67. 165. Ktenidis K, Claeys L, Bartels C, et al. Spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of Buerger’s disease. In: Horsch S, Claeys L, eds. Spinal Cord Stimulation: An Innovative Method in the Treatment of PVD and Angina . Darmstadt, Germany: Springer-Verlag Telos; 1995:207–214. 166. Francaviglia N, Silvestro C, Maiello M, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of progressive systemic sclerosis and Raynaud’s syndrome. Br J Neurosurg 1994;8:567–571. 167. Robaina F, Clavo B. Spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of post- stroke patients: current state and future directions. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2007;97(pt 1):277–282. 168. Kuwata T. Effects of the cervical spinal cord stimulation on persistent vege­ tative syndrome: experimental and clinical study [in Japanese]. No Shinkei Geka 1993;21(4):325–331. 169. Robaina F, Clavo B. The role of spinal cord stimulation in the manage­ ment of patients with brain tumors. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2007;97(pt 1): 445–453. 170. Peters KM. Neuromodulation for the treatment of refractory interstitial cystitis. Rev Urol 2006;4:S121–S125. 171. Khan YN, Raza SS, Khan EA. Spinal cord stimulation in visceral patholo­ gies. Pain Med 2006;7:S121–S125. 172. Elabbady AA, Hassouna MM, Elhilali MM. Neural stimulation for chronic voiding dysfunctions. J Urol 1994;152:2076–2080. 173. Kapural L, Narouze SN, Janicki TI, et al. Spinal cord stimulation is an effective treatment for the chronic intractable visceral pelvic pain. Pain Med 2006;7(5):440–443. 174. Whiteside JL, Walters MD, Mekhail N. Spinal cord stimulation for intrac­ table vulvar pain. A case report. J Reprod Med 2003;48(10):821–823. 175. Kenefick NJ. Sacral nerve neuromodulation for the treatment of lower bowel motility disorders. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2006;88(7):617–623. 176. North RB. The glass is half full [commentary on the fallacy of 50% pain relief]. Pain Forum 1999;8:195–197.