Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

1221

Index

Translation, RNA in, 93–94 Translocation, in chromosome, 115, 116 f Transmembrane proteins, 2, 3 f Transmigration, 29 in inflammatory response, 55–56 Transmissible neurodegenerative diseases, 298 Transplantation heart, 498 of hematopoietic cells, 353 immunopathology of, 352–353 kidney, for CKD, 651 liver for hepatitis, 735 for liver failure, 744 lung, 592 of pancreas or islet cells, 810 Transport maximum, 605 Transport mechanism, of cell membrane, 13–16, 13 f –14 f Transpulmonary pressure, 525, 525 f Transtentorial herniation, of brain, 921 f –922 f , 922 Transverse fracture, 1084 f , 1085 Trauma brain injury, 923–926, 924 f corneal, 959 malnutrition in, 235–236 skeletal, 1078–1090, 1080 f –1085 f , 1086 f –1087 f , 1089 f , 1089 t Traumatic pneumothorax, 570 Tremor, 888 Treponema pallidum , 1059–1061 Trichomonas vaginalis , 1054 f , 1055 Trichomoniasis, vaginal, 1054 f , 1055 Trigeminal neuralgia, 870 Triglycerides, in energy storage, 224, 794 Trigone, 656, 657 f Triplet repeat mutations, 112–113 Trisomies, 116–117 Trisomy 21. See Down syndrome Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIIV), 544 tRNA. See Transfer RNA Tropomyosin, 25 f , 26 Troponin, 25 f , 26 Troponin assays, 449 Trousseau sign, 183, 184 f TTP. See Thrombotic thrombocy- topenic purpura diagnosis of, 550 etiology of, 548, 548 f with HIV, 367 pathogenesis of, 548–549, 549 f primary, 549, 549 f secondary, 549–550, 549 f –550 f treatment of, 550–551 Tuberculosis osteomyelitis, 1092–1093 Tubulin, 7, 7 f Tubulointerstitial disease, 628–630, 629 f –630 f . See also specific disease T tubules, 24 f , 25 Tuberculosis (TB)

Tumor antigens, 141 Tumor markers, 147–148, 147 t Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 43 Tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ), 59, 59 f , 61 Tumors benign biology of, 131, 131 t characteristics of, 129–136 cell characteristics of, 132–134, 132 f cell transformation to, 140, 140 f growth of, 133–134, 134 f of kidneys, 636–637 malignant biology of, 131 t , 132 characteristics of, 129–136 staging and grading of, 149 terminology of, 130, 133 t Tumor-suppressor genes, 137–138, 138 f Tunicae, 394, 394 f , 402, 403 f Tunnel vision, 970 Turbulent airflow, 524–525 Turbulent blood flow, 378, 381, 381 f Turner syndrome, 116, 118–119, 118 f TV. See Tidal volume Tympanic membrane, 975, 975 f Type 1A immune-mediated diabe- tes mellitus, 800 t , 801–802 Type 1 diabetes mellitus, 800–802, 800 t Type 2 diabetes mellitus, 800 t , 802–803, 802 f Typical pneumonia, 544, 545 f , 546–547, 546 t Tyrosinase, 1143 TZDs. See Thiazolidinediones UA. See Unstable angina Ubiquitin, 32 Ubiquitination, 6 Ulceration, 60 Ulcerative colitis, 706 f , 707 t , 708–709, 709 f Ulcers diabetic foot, 816–817, 817 f peptic, disease, 703–704, 703 f pressure, 1171–1172, 1171 f stress, 704 Ultrasonography for liver function, 731 for prenatal screening, 124, 125 f Ultraviolet (UV) radiation cellular injury from, 38 skin damage with, 1167–1168 Umbilical cord blood sampling, percutaneous, 126 UMNs. See Upper motor neurons Undernutrition. See Malnutrition Uninhibited bladder, 663 Uniparental disomy, 99 Uniporters, 13, 14 f Unipotent stem cells, 73 Unstable angina (UA), 450 Upper motor neurons (UMNs), 835, 882 disorders of, 902–913 Curling, 704 Cushing, 704

Up-regulation, 758 Uracil, 89 Urea. See also Blood urea nitrogen elimination of, 612 synthesis of, 727–729, 727 t , 728 f Urease, kidney stones and, 634 Uremia, 644–645, 645 f Uremic encephalopathy, 648 Urethral closure pressure, 664 Urethrovesical reflux, 668 Urge incontinence, 664–665 Uric acid, elimination of, 612 Uric acid stones, 633–634, 633 t Urinary incontinence diagnosis and treatment of, 665–666 in elderly, 666 overflow, 665 stress, 664 urge, 664–665 Urinary tract infection (UTI) catheter-induced infection, 668 in children, 669–670 clinical features of, 668 diagnosis and treatment of, 668–669 in elderly, 670 etiologic factors in, 667–668 host–agent interactions, 667–668 obstruction and reflux in, 668 in women, 669 Urinary tract obstruction, 631, 631 f , 631 t , 661–662 compensatory and decompen- satory changes, 661–662, 662 f renal damage with, 632–633, 632 f Urine concentration of, 607 elimination of, control of, 656–660, 657 f –659 f , 660 t formation of, 603–611, 604 f –609 f osmolality of, 615 specific gravity of, 615 for diabetes mellitus, 806 for endocrine function, 764 Urobilinogen, 729 Urothelium, 657 Urticaria, 1162–1163, 1162 f Uterine leiomyomas, 1033, 1033 f Uterus, 1018–1020, 1019 f adenomyosis, 1032 cancer of, 1032–1033 disorders of, 1029–1035 infectious, 1029–1030, 1030 f endometriosis, 1030–1032, 1031 f Urine retention, 661–662 Urine tests, 615, 615 t , 668

Vagina, 1018, 1019 f cancer of, 1027 candidiasis, 1054–1055, 1054 f disorders of, 1026–1027 infections of, 1054–1056, 1054 f , 1056 f trichomoniasis, 1054 f , 1055 Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, 1027 Vaginitis, 1026–1027 Vaginosis, bacterial, 1055–1056, 1056 f Valley fever, 551 Valvular heart disease, 460 aortic valve disorders, 461 f , 463–464 diagnosis and treatment of, 464 hemodynamic derangements, 460–461, 460 f –461 f mitral valve disorders, 461–463, 461 f –462 f Variant angina, 456 Varicella, 1180, 1180 f Varicella Zoster keratitis, 959 Varicocele, 1003 f , 1004 Varicose veins, 436–438, 437 f Vasa recta, 602, 607–608, 608 f Vasa vasorum, 402 Vascular birthmarks, 1178 Vascular calcifications, 647 Vascular dementia, 951 Vascular disorders, bleeding with, 273 Vascular lesions, 1181 Vascular stage, of inflammation, 53–54 Vasculitides, 411, 414, 414 t Vasculitis, 411, 414, 414 t Vasoactive amines, in inflamma- tion, 57 Vasoactive medications, 504 Vasoconstriction, hypoxia- induced, 529 Vasodilation, in inflammation, 53–54 Vasodilator agents, for heart failure, 498 Vasogenic edema, 918 Vasomotor center, 400 Vasopressin. See Antidiuretic hormone Veins, varicose, 436–438, 437 f Velocity, of blood flow, 378, 381 f Venous insufficiency, chronic, 438–439, 438 f Venous lakes, 1181 Venous system, 395–396, 396 f disorders of, 436–440 in lower extremities, 436, 437 f Ventilation, 521, 521 f alveolar, 528, 565–566 chest cage and, 521–522, 522 f disorders of, 200–201 lung compliance, 522–524, 523 f in neonate, 555–556, 556 f perfusion matching with, 529, 529 f , 594 in respiration, 565–566 respiratory pressures and, 521, 521 f Vasospastic angina, 456 Vasovagal response, 910 VC. See Vital capacity

prolapse, 1034 f , 1035 support disorders of, 1033–1035

UTI. See Urinary tract infection UV radiation. See Ultraviolet radiation

Vaccines, mercury in, 39 VAD. See Ventricular assist devices