McKenna's Pharmacology for Nursing, 2e

980

Index

Dopaminergic agents continued contraindications and cautions, 376 drug–drug interactions, 376 pharmacokinetics, 376 therapeutic actions and indications, 374, 376 Doripenem, 97, 98 Dornase alfa, 859, 860 Dorzolamide, 957 Dosage calculations, 55–58 conversions, 55 dermal patch delivery systems, 504 intravenous solutions, 56–57 measuring systems, 55 oral drugs, 55–56 paediatric considerations, 57–58 body surface area, 57, 58 milligrams/kilogram of body weight, 58 parenteral drugs, 56 Dosulepin hydrochloride, 317, 319 Dothiepin, 317, 319 Doxazosin, 469, 475–476, 676 Doxepin, 317, 320 Doxorubicin, 190, 205–207 Doxycycline, 91, 114, 115–117, 166, 167 Droperidol, 420 Drospirenone, 607, 608 Drug abuse, 66–68 Drug administration, 45–46 children, 49 safe, 48 Drug allergy, 33 interventions, 34 Drug–enzyme interactions, 16 Drug–ion channel interactions, 17 Drug–receptor interactions, 17 Drug use history, 44 Drug vehicle, 842, 845 Drugs, 2 elements used for therapeutic effect, 5 evaluation, 5–8 phase I studies, 2, 6 phase II studies, 2, 6–7 phase III studies, 2, 7 phase IV studies, 2, 8 phases of development, 7 preclinical trials, 2, 6 Therapeutic Goods Administration approval, 7–8 factors influencing drug effects, 25–28 age, 25, 26 cumulation, 25, 27 environmental factors, 25, 27 gender, 25, 26 genetic factors, 25, 26 immunological factors, 25, 26–27

orphan, 2, 10 over-the-counter (OTC), 2, 10, 854 pharmacodynamics, 16–19 pharmacogenomics, 16, 26 pharmacokinetics. See Pharmacokinetics post-marketing surveillance, 2, 6 preclinical trials, 2, 6 pregnancy, safety during, 8–9 scheduling, 9, 10 sources, 3–5 natural, 3–5 synthetic, 5 sources of drug information, 11–12 drug labels, 11 Internet information, 12 journals, 12 package inserts, 11 reference books, 11–12 tissue and organ damage. See Tissue and organ damage, drug induced toxic effects. See Toxic effects of drugs use, history of, 44 excretion, 23–24 half-life, 24–25 Dyspnoea, 681, 684 Dysrhythmia See Arrhythmias Dysuria, 819, 824 E Echinacea, 205, 964 Echinocandin antifungals, 150, 152, 154–155 adverse effects, 155 contraindications and cautions, 155 drug–drug interactions, 155 pharmacokinetics, 155 therapeutic actions and indications, 154 Econazole, 157, 951 Ectopic focus, 642, 648 Edrophonium, 489, 493–495 Education anti-infective agents, using, 85 cystitis treatment, 822–823 epilepsy, 353 HIV and AIDS, 138 importance of, 64 level of understanding, 44 nasal medication, administering, 848 paediatric immunisation, 278 person and family, 46, 47 self-administration of medications, 876 vaccines, regarding, 284–285 Efavirenz, 135, 136, 141 Effective concentration, 15, 19 Effector cells, 292, 293 Effector T cells, 233 Efferent fibres, 292, 293 Duloxetine, 325, 326 Dutasteride, 828, 829 Dwarfism, 521, 526 Dynamic equilibrium, 20–24 absorption, 20–22 bioavailability, 22 biotransformation (metabolism), 23 distribution, 22–23

Eflornithine, 953 Eformoterol, 867, 871–872 Elder bark and flowers, 964 Electrocardiogram, 642 Electrocardiography, 646–648 arrhytyhmias, 647–648 Electrolyte imbalances, 37 Eletriptan, 411, 412 Emotional functions, 300 Emtricitabine, 136, 137, 138, 139 Enalapril, 662, 664 Endocannabinoids, 729, 746 receptors, 572, 575 Endocrine system, 512–518 adrenocortical agents. See Adrenocortical agents endocrine regulation, 517–518 hypothalamic–pituitary axis (HPA), 512, 517 glands, 512–514, 515 glucose levels, agents to control. See Glucose levels, agents to control hypothalamic and pituitary agents. See Hypothalamic and pituitary agents hypothalamus, 514–515 pituitary gland, 512, 515–517 anterior pituitary, 512, 515, 516 intermediate lobe, 515, 516 posterior pituitary, 512, 515, 516 structure and function, 513 glands, 513, 515 hormones, 512, 513 thyroid and parathyroid agents. See Thyroid and parathyroid agents Endocytosis, 15, 72, 75–76 Endogenous substances, 15, 16 Enfuvirtide, 127, 137, 140 Engram, 292, 300 ENHANCE study, 743 Enoxaparin, 757, 766 Entacapone, 382 Entamoeba histolytica, 170–171 Entecavir, 144, 145 Environment drug effects and, 25, 27 protection, 68 Enzyme induction, 15, 23 Eosinophils, 230 Ephedra, 964 Ephedrine, 456, 458, 676, 842, 846–848, 867, 871 Epidermal growth factor inhibitor, 220 Epilepsy, 352, 353 antiepileptics, 353, 361–363 counselling and education, 353 drugs used to treat, 356

interactions. See Interactions pathological factors, 25, 26 physiological factors, 25, 26 psychological factors, 25, 26 tolerance, 25, 27 weight, 25–26 generic, 2, 5, 9–10 legal regulation, 8–10 optimal therapeutic effect, 28–29

Epirubicin, 205, 206 Eplerenone, 806, 813 Epoetin alfa, 775, 777–780 Epoetin beta, 777, 778 Epoetin lambda, 777, 778

Eprosartan, 665, 669 Eptifibatide, 756, 758 Equilibrium, dynamic. See Dynamic equilibrium