McKenna's Pharmacology for Nursing, 2e

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A P P E N D I X E  Vitamins

■■ TABLE E Vitamins (continued) Vitamin

Solubility type

Recommended dietary intake (RDI) Therapeutic uses/special considerations

retinol (vitamin A) (generic)

Fat

900 mcg (male) 700 mcg (female)

Hypervitaminosis A can occur, including cirrhotic-like liver syndrome with central nervous system effects; gastrointestinal drying, rash and liver changes.Treat by discontinuing the vitamin and give saline, prednisone and calcitonin IV. Liver damage may be permanent Treatment of scurvy: 300–1000 mg/day. Enhanced wound healing: 300–500 mg/day for 7–10 days. Burns: 1–2 g/day. Also being studied for treatment of common cold, asthma, coronary artery disease, cancer and schizophrenia. May be very toxic at high doses Biotin deficiency is uncommon but increased requirements in people with genetic biotinidase deficiency Vitamin D deficiency: 25 mcg/day. May be useful for the treatment of hypocalcaemic tetany and hypoparathyroidism Vegetarians may experience choline deficiency Deficiency: 25–250 mcg/day. (Note: oral route is not for the treatment of pernicious anaemia.) Pernicious anaemia: 100 mcg IM each month for life; given with folic acid; nasal route is preferable Used in certain premature infants to reduce the toxic effects of oxygen on the lung and retina; report fatigue, weakness, nausea or headache Prevention and treatment of pellagra: up to 500 mg/day. Niacin deficiency: up to 100 mg/day

700–800 mcg (pregnancy) 1100 mcg (breastfeeding) 300–700 mcg (paediatric)

ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (generic)

Water

45 mg (male) 45 mg (female) 80–85 mg (breastfeeding) 55–60 mg (pregnancy) 35–40 mg (paediatric)

biotin (vitamin B 7 ) (contained in combined generic products)

Water

30 mcg (male) 25 mcg (female) 35 mcg (breastfeeding) 30 mcg (pregnancy) 8–25 mcg (paediatric) 5–15 mcg (male) 5–15 mcg (female) 5 mcg (breastfeeding)

cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3

Fat

) (Ostelin,

OsteVit-D)

5 mcg (pregnancy) 5 mcg (paediatric) 550 mg (male) 425 mg (female)

choline (contained in combined generic products)

Water

525 mg (breastfeeding) 415–440 mg (pregnancy) 200–400 mg (paediatric) 2.4 mcg (male) 2.4 mcg (female) 2.8 mcg (breastfeeding) 2.6 mcg (pregnancy) 0.9–2.4 mcg (paediatric) 10 mg (male) 7 mg (female) 11–12 mg (breastfeeding) 7–8 mg (pregnancy) 5–8 mg(paediatric) 16 mg (male) 14 mg (female) 17 mg (breastfeeding) 18 mg (pregnancy) 6–14 mg (paediatric) 15–20 mg (male) 13–15 mg (female) 20 mg (breastfeeding) 17 mg (pregnancy) 5–13 mg (paediatric)

cyanocobalamin (B 12 ) (generic)

Water

alpha tocopherol (vitamin E) (E-100, E-500, E-Prime)

Fat

niacin (vitamin B 3 ) (generic)

Water

nicotinamide (B 3 ) (Niacinamide)

Water

Prevention and treatment of pellagra: up to 50 mg, 3–10 times per day

bioflavonoids (contained in combined generic products)

Water

Unknown

Used to treat bleeding, abortion, poliomyelitis, diabetes and other conditions.There is little evidence these uses have any clinical efficacy Deficiency very uncommon; symptoms similar to those of other B group vitamins

pantothenic acid (vitamin B 5

Water

6 mg (male) 4 mg (female) 6 mg (breastfeeding) 5 mg (pregnancy) 3.5–4 mg (paediatric)

) (contained

in combined generic products)