McKenna's Pharmacology for Nursing, 2e

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P A R T 4  Drugs acting on the central and peripheral nervous systems

www.neurological.org.nz/disorders/migraine Home page of Neurological Foundation of New Zealand. Information on migraine, management and support. www.who.int/cancer/palliative/painladder/en World Health Organization cancer pain ladder.

■■ Because opioids of all kinds are associated with the development of physical dependency, they are controlled substances. ■■ The effectiveness and adverse effects associated with specific opioids are associated with their particular affinity for various types of opioid receptors. ■■ Opioid agonists react with opioid receptor sites to stimulate their activity. ■■ Opioid agonists–antagonists react with some opioid receptor sites to stimulate activity and block other opioid receptor sites. These drugs are not as addictive as pure opioid agonists. ■■ Opioid antagonists, which work to reverse the effects of opioids, are used to treat opioid overdose or to reverse unacceptable adverse effects. ■■ Migraine headaches are severe, throbbing headaches on one side of the head that may be associated with an aura or warning syndrome. These headaches are thought to be caused by arterial dilation and hyperperfusion of the brain vessels. ■■ Treatment of migraines may involve either ergot derivatives or triptans. Ergot derivatives cause vasoconstriction and are associated with sometimes severe systemic vasoconstrictive effects, whereas triptans, a newer class of selective serotonin receptor blockers, cause CNS vasoconstriction but are not associated with as many adverse systemic effects. Knowing your strengths and weaknesses helps you to study more effectively. Take a PrepU Practice Quiz to find out how you measure up! ONLINE RESOURCES An extensive range of additional resources to enhance teaching and learning and to facilitate understanding of this chapter may be found online at the text’s accompanying website, located on thePoint at http://thepoint.lww.com. These include Watch and Learn videos, Concepts in Action animations, journal articles, review questions, case studies, discussion topics and quizzes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Beggs, S. (2008). Paediatric analgesia. Australian Prescriber, 31, 63–65. Farrell, M. & Dempsey, J. (2014). Smeltzer & Bare’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (3rd edn). Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Goodman, L. S., Brunton, L. L., Chabner, B. & Knollmann, B. C. (2011). Goodman and Gilman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th edn). New York: McGraw-Hill. Junquist, C. R., Karan, S. & Perlis, M. L. (2011). Risk factors for opioid-induced excessive respiratory depression. Pain Management Nursing, 12(3) , 180–187. Lange, S. E. (2011). Primary headache disorders in the emergency department. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal, 33(3) , 237–251. Matzo, M. & Dawson, K. A. (2013). Opioid-induced neurotoxicity. American Journal of Nursing, 113(10) , 51–56. McDonough, M. (2013). Opioid treatment of opioid addiction. Australian Prescriber, 36, 83–87. McKenna, L. (2012). Pharmacology Made Incredibly Easy (1st Australian and New Zealand edn). Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McKenna, L. & Mirkov, S. (2014). McKenna’s Drug Handbook for Nursing and Midwifery (7th edn). Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Pierce, M. (2013). Oral triptans and nausea: Treatment considerations in migraine. Headache, 53 (supp1), 17–20. Porth, C. M. (2011). Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (3rd edn). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Porth, C. M. (2009). Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (8th edn). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Roberts, L. J. (2008). Managing acute pain in patients with an opioid abuse or dependence disorder. Australian Prescriber, 31, 133–135. Stark, R. J. & Stark, C. D. (2008). Migraine prophylaxis. Medical Journal of Australia, 189(5) , 283–288. Steefel, L. & Novak, D. (2012). When tension headaches become chronic. The Nurse Practitioner, 37(11) , 24–30.

WEB LINKS

Healthcare providers and students may want to consult the following Internet sources: http://headacheaustralia.org.au Home page of Headache Australia. Information on headache, including migraine and headache management.