Easley.Tecnicas Quirurgicas. Pie y tobillo_3ed

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TÉCNICAS QUIRÚRGICAS DE PIE Y TOBILLO 3.ª Edición

Mark E. Easley, MD Chief, Foot and Ankle Division Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina

EDITORES EN JEFE Sam W. Wiesel, MD Chairman and Professor

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Georgetown University Medical School Washington, District of Columbia Todd J. Albert, MD

Surgeon in Chief Emeritus Hospital for Special Surgery Professor of Orthopaedics Weill Cornell Medical College New York, New York

Con capítulos seleccionados de: Pelvis y traumatismos de las extremidades inferiores; editado por Paul Tornetta III, MD

Medicina deportiva; editado por Mark D. Miller, MD

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Av. Carrilet, 3, 9.ª planta, Edicio D Ciutat de la Justícia 08902 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat

Barcelona (España) Tel.: 93 344 47 18 Fax: 93 344 47 16 Correo electrónico: consultas@wolterskluwer.com

Revisión cientíca: Dr. J. Ernesto Zamudio Carrera Traumatología y Ortopedia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Ortopedia Pediátrica, UNAM Profesor y adscrito en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) León, Guanajuato, México

Traducción: Wolters Kluwer Dirección editorial: Carlos Mendoza

Editora de desarrollo: Cristina Segura Flores Mercadotecnia: Pamela González Dávila Cuidado de la edición: M&N Medical Solutrad S.A. de C.V. Maquetación: M&N Medical Solutrad S.A. de C.V. Adaptación de portada: ZasaDesign/Alberto Sandoval Impresión: Mercury - Rochester, New York | Impreso en Estados Unidos

Se han adoptado las medidas oportunas para conrmar la exactitud de la información presentada y describir la práctica más aceptada. No obstante, los autores, los redactores y el editor no son responsables de los errores u omisiones del texto ni de las consecuencias que se deriven de la aplicación de la información que incluye, y no dan ninguna garantía, explícita o implícita, sobre la actualidad, integridad o exactitud del contenido de la publicación. Esta publicación contiene información general relacionada con tratamientos y asistencia médica que no debería utilizarse en pacientes individuales sin antes contar con el consejo de un profesional médico, ya que los tratamientos clínicos que se describen no pueden considerarse recomendaciones absolutas y universales. El editor ha hecho todo lo posible para conrmar y respetar la procedencia del material que se reproduce en este libro y su copyright. En caso de error u omisión, se enmendará en cuanto sea posible. Algunos fármacos y productos sanitarios que se presentan en esta publicación sólo tienen la aprobación de la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) para uso limitado al ám bito experimental. Compete al profesional sanitario averiguar la situación de cada fármaco o producto sanitario que pretenda utilizar en su práctica clínica, por lo que aconsejamos consultar con las autoridades sanitarias competentes. Derecho a la propiedad intelectual (C. P. Art. 270) Se considera delito reproducir, plagiar, distribuir o comunicar públicamente, en todo o en parte, con ánimo de lucro y en perjuicio de terceros, una obra literaria, artística o cientíca, o su transformación, interpretación o ejecución artística jada en cualquier tipo de soporte o comunicada a través de cualquier medio, sin la autorización de los titulares de los correspon dientes derechos de propiedad intelectual o de sus cesionarios.

Two Commerce Square 2001 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 ISBN de la edición original: 978-1-9751-7211-4 Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.

EDITORES EN JEFE - DEDICATORIAS Nos gustaría dedicar este volumen a la memoria de Richard H. Rothman, MD, PhD, cuya orientación y tutoría son responsables de nuestro éxito y el de generaciones de cirujanos ortopédicos. Esa inuencia también ha permitido mejorar la vida de miles de sus pacientes y la de sus descendientes ortopédicos.

Dr. Sam W. Wiesel y Dr. Todd J. Albert 5 de enero de 2021

DEDICATORIA A mis padres, Dennis y Barbara, que me apoyaron en mi carrera de cirugía ortopédica; a mi esposa, Mary, y a mis hijos, Ford, Ben y Charlotte, que toleraron el tiempo que dediqué a esta tarea educativa; a todos los educadores de pie y tobillo que contribuyeron a compartir su experiencia para que los profesionales del cuidado de la salud en todo el mundo puedan optimizar la atención a sus pacientes.

—MEE

Contenido

Prefacio xix Prefacio a la segunda edición xxi Prefacio a la primera edición xxiii SECCIÓN I Antepié 1. Osteotomía distal Chevron: Perspectiva 1 1 Hans-Joerg Trnka y Stefan G. Hofstaetter 2. Osteotomía distal Chevron: Perspectiva 2 8 Paul Hamilton, Sam Singh y Michael G. Wilson 3. Osteotomía distal biplanar Chevron y osteotomía rotacional biplanar Chevron 11 Caio Nery, Marcelo Prado y Daniel Baumfeld 4. Ampliación de las indicaciones de la osteotomía distal 16. Artrodesis percutánea EF MB QSJNFSB BSUJDVMBDJØO UBSToNFUBUBSTJBOB (procedimiento de Lapidus) para el hallux valgus 111 Amanda N. Fletcher y Alastair Younger 17. Procedimiento de Lapidus: artrodesis tridimensional del primer tarsometatarsiano para el hallux valgus 119 Robert D. Santrock 18. Revisión de la corrección del hallux valgus 127 Patrick B. Ebeling y J. Chris Coetzee 19. Elongamiento del metatarso en la cirugía de revisión del hallux valgus 141 James A. Nunley II y Jason M. Hurst 20. Osteotomía de Moberg 149 Tibor Warganich, Thomas G. Harris y Casey Pyle 21. Queilectomía dorsal para hallux rigidus 158 Richard M. Marks 22. Queilectomía dorsal, liberación plantar extensiva y técnica de microfractura 164 Hajo Thermann 23. Artroplastia capsular interposicional 173 Andrew J. Elliott y Martin J. O’Malley 24. Procedimiento CARTIVA 179 Mark Glazebrook, Tim Daniels y Rishin J. Kadakia 25. Revestimiento artrosuperficial HemiCAP 186 Thomas P. San Giovanni 26. Hemiartroplastia de la primera articulación metatarsofalángica 208 Michael S. Aronow 27. Artroplastia total de la primera articulación metatarsofalángica con Roto-Glide 214 Martinus Richter 28. Artrodesis de la primera articulación metatarsofalángica: Perspectiva 1 222 Michael M. Stephens y Ronan McKeown 29. Artrodesis de la primera articulación metatarsofalángica: Perspectiva 2 227 James R. Jastifer, Bertil W. Smith y Michael J. Coughlin 30. Artrodesis de la primera articulación metatarsofalángica: Perspectiva 3 236 John T. Campbell y Kevin L. Kirk 31. Revisión de la artrodesis de la primera articulación metatarsofalángica 246 Michael M. Stephens y Ronan McKeown Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited. Chevron 23 James L. Beskin 5. Corrección percutánea del hallux valgus 28 A. Holly Johnson, Jonathan Day, Oliver N. Schipper, Jorge I. Acevedo, Rebecca Cerrato, Alastair Younger y Peter Mangone 6. Osteotomía de Akin 36 Paul Hamilton y Sam Singh 7. Osteotomía en scarf 42 Roger A. Mann y Jeffrey A. Mann 9. Osteotomía de Ludloff 57 Hans-Joerg Trnka y Stefan G. Hofstaetter 10. Osteotomía de Mau 65 Kyle S. Peterson, Christopher F. Hyer y Gregory C. Berlet 11. Osteotomía Chevron proximal con fijación de placa 75 Matthew J. DeOrio y James K. DeOrio 12. Osteotomía en cuña de cierre proximal 80 Sam Singh y Michael G. Wilson 13. Osteotomía en cuña de apertura proximal para la corrección del hallux valgus 85 Nikiforos Pandelis Seagas 14. Osteotomía metatarsiana de rotación próxima para el hallux valgus 90 Pablo Wagner y Emilio Wagner 15. Artrodesis de la primera articulación metatarsocuneiforme (procedimiento de Lapidus) 102 Ian L. D. Le, Jonathan Bourget-Murray y Andrew Dodd Roland Walker, Paul Hamilton y Sam Singh 8. Osteotomía semilunar proximal 49

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Contenido

32. Distracción ósea en bloque de la primera articulación metatarsofalángica 254 Hans-Joerg Trnka y Stefan G. Hofstaetter 33. Artrodesis de la articulación interfalángica del primer dedo 265 Glenn G. Shi y Mark E. Easley 34. Tratamiento quirúrgico de las lesiones del dedo de césped 273 Robert B. Anderson y Christopher Nicholson 35. Fijación interna de fracturas de los sesamoideos 282 Geert I. Pagenstert, Victor Valderrabano y Beat Hintermann 36. Sesamoidectomía 292 Christopher E. Gross, Simon Lee, Kamran Hamid, y George B. Holmes, Jr. 37. Transferencia de tendón flexor a extensor para la deformidad flexible del dedo en martillo 306 Emilio Wagner 38. Corrección del dedo en martillo 314 Lloyd C. Briggs, Jr. 39. Osteotomía de Weil de acortamiento del metatarsiano menor 326 Hans-Joerg Trnka 40. Osteotomía de acortamiento del segundo metatarsiano 336 John G. Anderson, Donald R. Bohay y Omar Yaldo 41. Reparación de la placa plantar del dedo menor 345 Caio Nery y Daniel Baumfeld 42. Deformidad angular de los dedos menores de los pies 359 Amanda M. Holleran, Joshua G. Hunter, Brian D. Giordano y Adolph S. Flemister, Jr. 43. Tratamiento quirúrgico de la infracción de Freiberg 377 Richard W. Rutherford y Mark E. Easley 44. Tratamiento percutáneo de la deformidad del juanetillo de sastre y la metatarsalgia del quinto metatarsiano 385 Amanda N. Fletcher, Jonathan Day, A. Holly Johnson y Oliver N. Schipper 45. Corrección quirúrgica de la deformidad del juanetillo de sastre 391 Sahil Kooner, Andrew Marsh y Johnny T.C. Lau 46. Reconstrucción del antepié reumatoide 402 Thomas G. Padanilam 47. Neuroma de Morton y revisión de la escisión o descompresión endoscópica del neuroma de Morton 409 David R. Richardson y Steven L. Shapiro 48. Corrección percutánea del dedo menor del pie 420 Jonathan Day, Amanda N. Fletcher, A. Holly Johnson y Oliver N. Schipper

52. Estabilización quirúrgica de la artropatía de Charcot no plantígrada del mediopié 462 Michael S. Pinzur 53. Técnica del tornillo axial para la artrodesis del mediopié en las deformidades del pie de Charcot 472 V. James Sammarco y G. James Sammarco SECCIÓN III Retropié 54. Transferencia del flexor largo de los dedos y osteotomía calcánea con desplazamiento medial 480 Gregory P. Guyton 55. Elongación de la columna lateral 490 Thomas B. Bemenderfer, Bryan L. Witt, Donald R. Bohay y John G. Anderson 56. Reconstrucción del ligamento calcaneonavicular 504 Jonathan T. Deland 57. Resección de la coalición tarsiana en el paciente adulto 511 Aaron T. Scott y H. Robert Tuten 58. Tratamiento del navicular accesorio 519 Christopher E. Gross y Mark E. Easley 59. Artrodesis subastragalina aislada 536 Aaron T. Scott y Robert S. Adelaar 60. Tratamiento quirúrgico de la mala unión del calcáneo 544 Michael P. Clare y Roy W. Sanders 61. Osteotomía calcánea y artrodesis subastragalina para la mala unión del calcáneo 555 Michael M. Romash 62. Artrodesis triple tradicional 579 Mark E. Easley 63. Abordaje medial de incisión única para artrodesis triple 590 Clifford L. Jeng 64. Corrección integral de la deformidad del pie cavo varo 596 Robert B. Lewis y Gregory C. Pomeroy 65. Tratamiento de la deformidad del pie equino cavo varo 611 Wolfram Wenz y Thomas Dreher 66. Atrapamiento nervioso de las extremidades inferiores 632 Milap S. Patel y Anish R. Kadakia 67. Liberación de la fascia plantar y del túnel tarsiano proximal y distal 642 Benedict F. DiGiovanni, Irvin C. Oh y John S. Gould SECCIÓN IV Tobillo 68. Osteotomía supramaleolar con fijación interna:

SECCIÓN II Mediopié 49. Osteotomía cuneiforme medial 426 Perspectiva 1 653 Emmanouil D. Stamatis 69. Osteotomía supramaleolar con fijación interna: Perspectiva 2 662 Markus Knupp y Beat Hintermann 70. Osteotomía supramaleolar con fijación interna: Perspectiva 3 673 Yasuhito Tanaka Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited. Jeffrey E. Johnson, Jonathon D. Backus y J. Jordan Stivers 50. Artrodesis del mediopié 433 Ian L. D. Le, Jonathan Bourget-Murray, Jeannie Huh y Mark E. Easley 51. Osteotomía percutánea del mediopié con fijación externa 456 Bradley M. Lamm, Ahmed Thabet, John E. Herzenberg y Dror Paley

Contenido

71. Osteotomía supramaleolar con fijación externa: Perspectiva 1 679 Austin T. Fragomen y S. Robert Rozbruch 72. Osteotomía supramaleolar con fijación externa: Perspectiva 2 698 Bradley M. Lamm, Shine John, John E. Herzenberg y Dror Paley 7 . Prótesis total de tobillo STAR (Scandinavian Total Ankle Replacement) 703 Mark E. Easley, James A. Nunley II y James K. DeOrio 74. Artroplastia total de tobillo serie H2 y H3 de Hintermann 717 Beat Hintermann y Roxa Ruiz 75. Artroplastia total de tobillo Salto y Salto Talaris 733 Jean Langlois, Michel Bonnin, Brian Donley, Thierry Judet y Jean-Alain Colombier 76. Prótesis total de tobillo PROPHECY Infinity 759 Craig C. Akoh, Karl M. Schweitzer, Jr. y Andrew Hsu, Hodges Davis y Robert B. Anderson 77. Artroplastia total de tobillo INBONE 771 James K. DeOrio, Mark E. Easley, James A. Nunley II y Mark A. Reiley 78. Artroplastia total de tobillo Cadence 785 Akhil Sharma y Selene G. Parekh 79. Reemplazo total de tobillo Vantage 796 Jie Chen, James K. DeOrio, Victor Valderrabano y Mark E. Easley 80. Artroplastia total de tobillo de metal trabecular 807 Anna-Kathrin Leucht, Alastair Younger, Lew Schon y Charlie Saltzman 81. Artrodesis de tobillo 819 Mark E. Easley 82. Artrodesis artroscópica de tobillo 836 James P. Tasto 83. Conversión de artrodesis astragalotibial a artroplastia total de tobillo 843 Manuel J. Pellegrini y Mark E. Easley 84. Artrodesis tibioastragalocalcánea con clavo medular 855 George E. Quill, Jr. y Stuart D. Miller 85. Fusión tibioastragalocalcánea con clavo intramedular 867 James K. DeOrio 86. Artrodesis tibioastragalocalcánea mediante fijación lateral con placa de ángulo fijo 879 Christopher P. Chiodo, Catherine E. Johnson y Kimberly K. Broughton 87. Artrodesis tibioastragalocalcánea mediante fijación con placa de cuchillas 889 Richard Alvarez, Jesse Doty y Delan Gaines 88. Tratamiento de la pérdida ósea, necrosis avascular e infección del astrágalo con fijadores circulares de alambre tensado 902 Stephen M. Quinnan, James J. Hutson, Jr. y Chloe Shields 89. Aloinjerto de cabeza femoral para defectos grandes

91. Microfractura para lesiones osteocondrales del astrágalo: Perspectiva 1 929 Hajo Thermann y Christoph Becher 92. Microfractura para lesiones osteocondrales del astrágalo: Perspectiva 2 937 Raymond J. Walls, Keir A. Ross, Yoshiharu Shimozono y John G. Kennedy 93. Artroscopia posterior del tobillo y endoscopia del retropié 944 C. Niek van Dijk y Tahir Ögüt 94. Tratamiento endoscópico del pinzamiento posterior del tobillo mediante abordaje posterior 955 Phinit Phisitkul y Annunziato Amendola 95. Artroscopia subastragalina: Perspectiva 1 963 Carol Frey 96. Artroscopia subastragalina: Perspectiva 2 972 Christopher E. Gross y Mark E. Easley 97. Trasplante de aloinjerto de cartílago juvenil particulado para lesiones osteocondrales del astrágalo 980 Samuel B. Adams y Mark E. Easley 98. Transferencia osteocondral para lesiones osteocondrales del astrágalo 988 Mark E. Easley y Justin Orr 99. Lesiones osteocondrales del astrágalo: Aloinjerto estructural 1001 Samuel B. Adams, James A. Nunley II y Mark E. Easley 100. Trasplante autólogo de condrocitos 1015 Markus Walther 101. Reparación artroscópica del ligamento lateral del tobillo de Broström 1027 Jorge I. Acevedo, Peter Mangone y Rishin J. Kadakia 102. Procedimientos de Broström y Broström-Evans modificados 1032 Paul J. Hecht, Justin S. Cummins, Dean C. Taylor y Mark E. Easley 103. Reparación quirúrgica de la inestabilidad lateral del tobillo 1045 Gregory C. Berlet, B. Collier Watson, Christopher F. Hyer, Travis M. Langan y Jared M. Maker 104. Autoinjerto/aumento de los isquiotibiales para la inestabilidad lateral del tobillo 1055 Anna-Kathrin Leucht, Alastair Younger, Heather Barske y Mark Glazebrook 105. Reconstrucción del ligamento lateral del tobillo mediante aloinjerto y fijación con tornillos de interferencia 1066 Taggart T. Gauvain, William C. McGarvey y Thomas O. Clanton 106. Tratamiento de la inestabilidad lateral crónica del tobillo con un injerto autólogo de plantar

del astrágalo 915 Bryan D. Den Hartog largo 1076 Markus Walther 107. Reconstrucción del ligamento deltoideo 1084 Eric M. Bluman y Richard J. de Asla 108. Reconstrucción del ligamento medial del tobillo/ deltoideo 1091 Beat Hintermann y Roxa Ruiz 109. Reparación abierta del tendón de Aquiles 1105 Sameh A. Labib y Rishin J. Kadakia Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited. SECCIÓN V Procedimientos para el tobillo y el retropié relacionados con el deporte 90. Artroscopia de tobillo 922 Jorge I. Acevedo y Peter Mangone

Contenido

110. Reparación por miniapertura del tendón de Aquiles: Perspectiva 1 1113 Mathieu Assal, Marc Merian-Genast y Mark E. Easley 111. Reparación por miniapertura del tendón de Aquiles: Perspectiva 2 1126 Emilio Wagner y Cristian Ortiz 112. Reparación percutánea del tendón de Aquiles: Perspectiva 1 1132 Karen M. Sutton, Sandra L. Tomak, Kristin C. Caolo y Mark C. Drakos 11 . R o turas y trastornos subagudos y crónicos del tendón de Aquiles 1141 Kamran Hamid y Mark E. Easley 11 . R o turas crónicas del tendón de Aquiles con tendones isquiotibiales/peroneos 1166 Nicola Maffulli, Francesco Oliva y Alessio Giai Via 11 . R o turas crónicas del tendón de Aquiles mediante avance en V-Y y transferencia de FHL 1172 Steven M. Raikin 116. R o turas crónicas del tendón de Aquiles mediante reconstrucción con aloinjerto 1180 Andrew P. Molloy, Lyndon W. Mason y Mark S. Myerson 117. Bursoscopia retrocalcánea (extirpación endoscópica de hueso, bursa y paratendón) 1187 Fred W. Ortmann 118. Tendinopatía insercional del tendón de Aquiles 1193 Mark E. Easley y Matthew J. DeOrio 119. Aumento del tendón flexor largo del primer dedo para el tratamiento de la tendinosis insercional del tendón de Aquiles 1203 Taggart T. Gauvain, William C. McGarvey y Thomas O. Clanton 120. Tratamiento abierto de la tendinopatía del Aquiles 1210 Rocco Aicale, Francesco Oliva y Nicola Maffulli 121. Elongamiento del tendón de Aquiles 1214 Jeremy M. LaMothe y David S. Levine 122. Reparación de desgarros del tendón peroneo 1223 Christopher E. Gross, Selene G. Parekh, James A. Nunley II y Mark E. Easley 12 . Reparación de los tendones peroneos luxados: Perspectiva 1 1231 Kamil M. Amer y Sheldon Lin 12 . Reparación de los tendones peroneos luxados: Perspectiva 2 1241 Florian Nickisch, Robert B. Anderson y Miranda J. Rogers 12 . Reconstrucción de roturas del tendón tibial anterior 1249 James Santangelo y Mark E. Easley 126. Transferencia de tendón para el pie caído 1258 Mark E. Easley y Aaron T. Scott SECCIÓN VI Trauma 130. Reducción abierta y fijación interna de fracturas de tobillo 1309 Anish R. Kadakia y Mohammed T. Alshouli 131. Reducción abierta y fijación interna de los maléolos medial y lateral 1324 Christopher Del Balso y David W. Sanders 132. Tratamiento quirúrgico de las fracturas del maléolo posterior 1334 Malcolm R. DeBaun, L. Henry Goodnough, Sean T. Campbell, Thomas Githens y Michael J. Gardner 133. Reducción abierta y fluoroscópica de la sindesmosis 1343 Elizabeth A. Martin y Paul Tornetta III 134. Reducción abierta y fijación interna del astrágalo 1352 Heather A. Vallier 135. Reducción abierta y fijación interna de fracturas del astrágalo 1370 Peter H. White, Travis J. Dekker y Samuel B. Adams 136. Tratamiento quirúrgico de las fracturas del calcáneo 1380 Richard S. Yoon y Joshua R. Langford 137. Fijación quirúrgica de las fracturas del calcáneo por vía del seno tarsiano 1399 Steven D. Steinlauf 138. Reducción abierta y fijación interna de la fractura- dislocación de Lisfranc 1417 Adam P. Schiff, Christopher E. Gross, Manuel J. Pellegrini, Kamran Hamid y Mark E. Easley 139. Reducción abierta y fijación interna de la lesión de Lisfranc 1440 Michael P. Clare y Roy W. Sanders 140. Reducción abierta y fijación interna de fracturas de Jones 1450 Max P. Michalski, John Y. Kwon, Elizabeth A. Martin, y Christopher P. Chiodo Tabla para la exploración del pie y el tobillo 1 Índice alfabético de materias I-1 Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited. 127. Tratamiento quirúrgico de las fracturas proximales del quinto metatarsiano 1276 Jeannie Huh y Mark E. Easley 128. Sustitución total del astrágalo 1290 Joseph Tracey y Selene G. Parekh 129. Uso de implantes impresos en 3D para tratar grandes defectos óseos en la cirugía de pie y tobillo 1296 Samuel B. Adams, Selene G. Parekh y Cambre N. Kelly

Colaboradores

Jorge I. Acevedo, MD Director, Foot and Ankle Center of Excellence Southeast Orthopedic Specialists Jackson ville, Florida Samuel B. Adams, MD Associate Residency Program Director Director of Foot and Ankle Research Associate Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Duke University Medical Center Department of Orthopedics Medical College of Virginia Virginia Commonwealth University West Hospital Richmond, Virginia Rocco Aicale, MD Orthopaedic Resident Doctor Clinica Ortopedica Università degli Studi di Salerno Salerno, Italy Craig C. Akoh, MD Fellow Department of Surgery Duke University Hospital Durham, North Carolina Mohammed T. Alshouli, MD Foot and Ankle Fellow Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois Richard Alvarez, MD Southern Orthopedic Foot Center Professor and Chairman Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Tennessee College of Medi cine Chattanooga, Tennessee Annunziato Amendola, MD Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Chief, Division of Sports Medicine Duke University Durham, North Carolina Kamil M. Amer, MD Resident Department of Orthopaedics Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Clifton, New Jersey Durham, North Carolina Robert S. Adelaar, MD

Gregory C. Berlet, MD Foot and Ankle Surgeon Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Center Worthing ton, Ohio James L. Beskin, MD Orthopedic Surgeon Peachtree Orthopedics Atlanta, Georgia Eric M. Bluman, MD Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard Medical School Codirector/Associate Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Orthopaedic Asso ciates of Michigan Grand Rapids, Michigan Michel Bonnin, MD, PhD Orthopedic Surgeon Department of Orthopedic Surgery Centre Orthopédique Santy – Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz Lyon, France Jonathan Bourget-Murray, MD Chief Resident Department of Surgery University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Foothills Medical Centre Calgary, Alberta, Canada Lloyd C. Briggs, Jr., MD Foot and Ankle Surgeon Orthopaedic Institute of Ohio Lima, Ohio Kimberly K. Broughton, MD Clinical Fellow in Foot and Ankle Surgery Department of Orthopaedics Boston, Massachusetts Donald R. Bohay, MD

John G. Anderson, MD Codirector, Assistant Program Director, As sociate Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Ortho paedic Associates of Michigan

Grand Rapids, Michigan Robert B. Anderson, MD Director, Foot and Ankle

Titletown Sports Medicine and Orthopedics Associate Team Physician, Green Bay Pack

ers Green Bay, Wisconsin Michael S. Aronow, MD Clinical Professor

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Uni versity of Connecticut School of Medicine Orthopedic Associates of Hartford Hart ford, Connecticut Mathieu Assal Chief, Foot and Ankle Service Université of Genève Clinique La Colline Geneva, Switzerland Jonathon D. Backus, MD Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Wash ington University in Saint Louis St. Louis, Missouri Heather Barske, MD, FRCSC Assistant Professor Foot and Ankle Surgery University of Manitoba Surgeon, Winnipeg Regional Health Author ity Pan Am Clinic Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Daniel Baumfeld, MD Adjunct Professor Department of Orthopedics Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais São Paulo, Brazil Christoph Becher, MD Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Han nover, Germany Thomas B. Bemenderfer, MD, MBA Foot and Ankle Fellow Orthopaedic Associates of Michigan Grand Rapids, Michigan

Brigham and Women’s Hospital Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts John T. Campbell, MD Director of Research

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Institute for Foot and Ankle Reconstruction Mercy Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland Sean T. Campbell, MD Resident Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Stanford University Redwood City, California Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.

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Colaboradores

Kristin C. Caolo, BA Research Assistant Foot and Ankle Hospital for Special Surgery

Richard J. de Asla, MD Instructor in Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Malcolm R. DeBaun, MD Resident Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Stanford University Redwood City, California US Air Force Medical Service Department of Orthopedics Eglin Air Force Base, Florida Christopher Del Balso, MBBS, MSc, FRCSC London, Ontario, Canada Jonathan T. Deland, MD Professor Department of Orthopedic Surgery Weill Cornell Medical College Orthopedic Surgeon Foot and Ankle Service Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York Bryan D. Den Hartog, MD Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Duke University Hospital Durham, North Carolina Matthew J. DeOrio, MD The Orthopaedic Center Huntsville, Alabama Benedict F. DiGiovanni, MD Professor Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York Andrew Dodd, MD, FRCSC Clinical Lecturer Department of Surgery University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Travis J. Dekker, MD Orthopedic Surgeon Physician and Lecturer Department of Surgery Western University London Health Sciences Centre Victoria Hospital Sanford School of Medicine University of South Dakota Rapid City, South Dakota James K. DeOrio, MD Professor and Program Chair Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Jesse Doty, MD Department of Orthopaedics UT Erlanger Foot and Ankle Institute Chattanooga, Tennessee Mark C. Drakos, MD Assistant Attending Orthopedic Surgeon Sports Medicine and Foot and Ankle Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York Thomas Dreher, MD Chief of Pediatric Orthopaedics and Traumatologie University Children’s Hospital Zurich Zurich, Switzerland Mark E. Easley, MD Chief, Foot and Ankle Division Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Duke University Medical Center Burnsville, Minnesota Andrew J. Elliott, MD Assistant Professor Orthopedics Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York Adolph S. Flemister, Jr., MD Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgeon University of Rochester Rochester, New York Amanda N. Fletcher, MD, MS Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Duke University Durham, North Carolina Austin T. Fragomen, MD Associate Professor Department of Orthopedic Surgery Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York Carol Frey, MD Co-Director, Sports Medicine Fellowship Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Family Medicine Los Angeles County Harbor – UCLA Medical Center Manhattan Beach, California Delan Gaines, MD Sports Medicine Durham, North Carolina Patrick B. Ebeling, MD Orthopedic Surgeon Twin Cities Orthopedics

New York, New York Rebecca Cerrato, MD Orthopedic Surgeon Institute for Foot and Ankle Reconstruction

Mercy Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland Jie Chen, MD, MPH Clinical Fellow Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Duke University Hospital

Chapel Hill, North Carolina Christopher P. Chiodo, MD

Chief, Foot and Ankle Surgery Service Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Brigham and Women’s Hospital Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts

Thomas O. Clanton, MD Foot and Ankle Specialist The Steadman Clinic Vail, Colorado Michael P. Clare, MD Orthopedic Surgeon

360 Orthopedics Sarasota, Florida

J. Chris Coetzee, MD Orthopedic Surgeon Twin Cities Orthopedics Edina, Minnesota Jean-Alain Colombier, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Clinique de L’Union St. Jean, France Michael J. Coughlin, MD Chief, Coughlin Foot and Ankle Clinic St. Alphonsus Hospital Boise, Idaho Justin S. Cummins, MD Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine Essentia Health Duluth, Minnesota Tim Daniels, MD Professor of Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery St. Michael’s Hospital Toronto, Ontario, Canada Hodges Davis, MD Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery OrthoCarolina Charlotte, North Carolina

Foothills Medical Centre Calgary, Alberta, Canada Optim Orthopaedics Statesboro, Georgia Michael J. Gardner, MD Chief of Orthopaedic Trauma Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Stanford University Redwood City, California Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.

Jonathan Day, MS Orthopedic Surgeon Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York

Brian Donley, MD Professor of Surgery Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

xiii

Colaboradores

Taggart T. Gauvain, MD Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Texas John P. and Katherine G. McGovern Medical School Pearland, Texas Alessio Giai Via, MD Assistant Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Ospedale Sant’Anna San Fermo della Battaglia Como, Italy Brian D. Giordano, MD

Thomas G. Harris, MD Faculty Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Los Angeles County Harbor – UCLA Medical Center Torrance, California Paul J. Hecht, MD Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Hanover, New Hampshire John E. Herzenberg, MD, FRCS Director International Center for Limb Lengthening Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopaedics Sinai Hospital of Baltimore Baltimore, Maryland Beat Hintermann, MD Chairman, Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Kantonsspital Baselland Stefan G. Hofstaetter, MD Department of Orthopaedics Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen Wels, Austria Amanda M. Holleran, MD Fellow Department of Orthopaedics University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York George B. Holmes, Jr., MD Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Rush University Medical Center Orange, California Jeannie Huh, MD San Antonio Military Medical Center Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Assistant Professor of Surgery Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences San Antonio, Texas Joshua G. Hunter, MD Orthopedic Surgeon Steward Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center Associate Professor University of Basel Basel, Switzerland Chicago, Illinois Andrew Hsu, MD Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Orthopaedics UCI Health

James J. Hutson, Jr., MD Professor Emeritus of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Flat Rock, North Carolina Christopher F. Hyer, DPM Foot and Ankle Surgeon Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Center Worthington, Ohio James R. Jastifer, MD Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine Kalamazoo, Michigan Clifford L. Jeng, MD Institute for Foot and Ankle Reconstruction

Orthopaedic Surgeon University of Rochester

Rochester, New York Thomas Githens, DO Orthopaedic Trauma Fellow Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Stanford University Redwood City, California Mark Glazebrook, MD

Mercy Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland Shine John, DPM, AACFAS

Podiatric Physician and Surgeon Austin Foot and Ankle Specialists Austin Texas A. Holly Johnson, MD Orthopedic Surgeon Hospital for Special Surgery

Professor of Surgery Dalhousie University President, Canadian Orthopedic Association 2019–2020 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada L. Henry Goodnough, MD, PhD Orthopaedic Surgery Resident Stanford University Redwood City, California John S. Gould, MD Professor of Surgery Division of Orthopaedic Surgery Chief, Foot and Ankle University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama Christopher E. Gross, MD Associate Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina Gregory P. Guyton, MD Chief, Foot and Ankle Service Department of Orthopaedic Surgery MedStar Union Memorial Hospital Baltimore, Maryland Kamran Hamid, MD Assistant Professor Loyola University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois Paul Hamilton, MBBS, FRCS(Tr&Orth) Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics Epsom and Saint Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust Epsom, United Kingdom

New York, New York Jeffrey E. Johnson, MD Professor

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Washington University in Saint Louis St. Louis, Missouri Catherine E. Johnson, MD Orthopaedic Surgeon Foot and Ankle Specialists Baton Rouge Orthopaedic Clinic Baton Rouge, Louisiana Thierry Judet, MD Chief

Department of Orthopedics Hôpital Raymond Poincaré Garches, France Anish R. Kadakia, MD

Associate Professor Orthopedic Surgery Northwestern Memorial Hospital Chicago, Illinois Rishin J. Kadakia, MD Assistant Professor Emory University Medical Center Atlanta, Georgia Cambre N. Kelly, PhD Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University Durham, North Carolina Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.

Salt Lake City, Utah Jason M. Hurst, MD Associate Partner Joint Implant Surgeons, Inc. New Albany, Ohio

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Colaboradores

John G. Kennedy, MD Professor Department of Orthopedic Surgery

Johnny T.C. Lau, MD, FRCSC Assistant Professor

Jeffrey A. Mann, MD Private Practice Oakland, California Richard M. Marks, MD Southeastern Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine West Columbia, South Carolina Andrew Marsh, MD, MSc, FRCSC Fellow Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Toronto

Department of Surgery University of Toronto

NYU Langone Health New York, New York Kevin L. Kirk, DO Orthopaedic Surgeon Burkhart Research Institute for Orthopaedics Department of Orthopaedic Surgery San Antonio Orthopaedic Group

Toronto, Ontario, Canada Ian L. D. Le, MD, FRCSC Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Surgery University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Foothills Medical Centre Calgary, Alberta, Canada Simon Lee, MD Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois Anna-Kathrin Leucht, MD Foot and Ankle Fellow Department of Orthopaedics University of British Columbia Footbridge Clinic Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada David S. Levine, MD Orthopedic Surgeon Hospital for Special Surgery Assistant Professor of Orthopedic Surgery Weill Cornell Medical College Midcoast Hospital Brunswick, Maine Sheldon Lin, MD Department of Orthopaedics Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Newark, New Jersey Nicola Maffulli, MD, MS, PhD, FRCP, FRCS(Orth) Professor and Chair Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Università degli Studi di Salerno Baronissi, Campania, Italy Jared M. Maker, DPM Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Surgeon Carle Foundation Hospital Champaign, Illinois Peter Mangone, MD Orthopaedic Surgeon Blue Ridge Bone and Joint, Division of Emer geOrtho Co-Director Foot and Ankle Center of Excel lence Volunteer Clinical Instructor MAHEC Residency and Fellowship Programs Asheville, North Carolina Roger A. Mann, MD Clinical Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California Oakland, California New York, New York Robert B. Lewis, MD Orthopedic Surgeon

San Antonio, Texas Markus Knupp, MD Head of the Institute Foot and Ankle Department

Toronto, Ontario, Canada Elizabeth A. Martin, MD Orthopaedic Surgeon

Mein Fusszentrum Basel, Switzerland Sahil Kooner, MD, FRCSC Fellow Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada John Y. Kwon, MD Chief, Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Service Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts Sameh A. Labib, MD Professor Department of Surgery Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia Bradley M. Lamm, DPM, FACFAS Head of Foot and Ankle Surgery International Center for Limb Lengthening Director Foot and Ankle Deformity Correction Fellowship Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics Baltimore, Maryland Jeremy M. LaMothe, MD, PhD, FRCSC Orthopaedic Surgeon University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Calgary, Alberta, Canada Travis M. Langan, DPM Surgeon Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Carle Foundation Hospital Champaign, Illinois Joshua R. Langford, MD Orthopedic Surgeon Orlando Health Orthopedic Institute Orlando, Florida Jean Langlois, MD, PhD Orthopedic Surgeon Department of Orthopedic Surgery Centre Orthopédique Santy – Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz Lyon, France

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Lahey Hospital and Medical Center Burlington, Massachusetts Clinical Instructor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Brigham and Women’s Hospital Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts Lyndon W. Mason, MB BCh, MRCS (Eng), FRCS (Tr&Orth) Consultant Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer University of Liverpool Liverpool, United Kingdom William C. McGarvey, MD Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery McGovern Medical School University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Texas Ronan McKeown, MD, FRCSI(Tr&Orth), MFSEM Lead Clinician Orthopaedic Surgery Southern Trust County Armagh, Ireland Marc Merian-Genast, MD Praxis für Fuss- und Sprunggelenkschirurgie Münchenstein, Switzerland Max P. Michalski, MD, MSc Fellow Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Stuart D. Miller Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine MedStar Union Memorial Hospital Baltimore, Maryland

Andrew P. Molloy, FRCS (Tr&Orth), MR Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics University Hospital Aintree Liverpool, England Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.

Colaboradores

Mark S. Myerson, MD Institute for Foot and Ankle Reconstruction at Mercy

Thomas G. Padanilam, MD Partner Toledo Orthopaedic Surgeons Toledo, Ohio Geert I. Pagenstert, MD Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Basel Swiss Olympic Medical Center Basel, Switzerland Dror Paley, MD, FRCS Director Paley Advanced Limb Lengthening Institute St. Mary’s Hospital West Palm Beach, Florida Selene G. Parekh, MD, MBA Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Director of Digital Strategy and Innovation Partner, North Carolina Orthopaedic Clinic Adjunct Faculty, Fuqua Business School Duke University Durham, North Carolina Milap S. Patel, DO Orthopedic Surgeon Northwestern Memorial Hospital Chicago, Illinois Manuel J. Pellegrini, MD Chief of Foot and Ankle Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Hospital Clinico Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile

Casey Pyle, MD Fellow, Orthopaedic Surgery Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Torrance, California George E. Quill, Jr., MD Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Orthopedic Surgery University of Louisville School of Medicine Director, Foot and Ankle Services Louisville Orthopedic Clinic and Sports Rehabilitation Center Louisville, Kentucky Stephen M. Quinnan, MD Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Chief, Orthopaedic Trauma University of Miami – Jackson Director of Orthopaedic Surgery Jackson South University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Don Soffer Clinical Research Center Miami, Florida Steven M. Raikin, MD Associate Professor Director, Foot and Ankle Service Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Mark A. Reiley, MD Inventor, Board Member, and CMO Reiley Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Washington, District of Columbia David R. Richardson, MD Associate Professor Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering University of Tennessee, Campbell Clinic Memphis, Tennessee Martinus Richter, MD, PhD Head, Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery Krankenhaus Rummelsberg Schwarzenbruck, Germany Miranda J. Rogers, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Utah Hospital Salt Lake City, Utah Michael M. Romash, MD Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Center of Hampton Roads Chesapeake, Virginia Keir A. Ross, MD

Mercy Medical Centre Baltimore, Maryland Caio Nery, MD Head of the Orthopedic Clinic Orthopedics and Trauma Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil Christopher Nicholson, MD

Optim Orthopedics Savannah, Georgia Florian Nickisch, MD

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Utah Orthopaedic Center Salt Lake City, Utah James A. Nunley II, MD Goldner Jones Endowed Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina Martin J. O’Malley, MD Associate Professor of Orthopedics Hospital for Special Surgery Weil Cornell Medical College New York, New York Tahir Ögüt, MD Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Istanbul University Cerrahpasha Medical School Istanbul, Turkey Irvin C. Oh, MD Associate Professor Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York Francesco Oliva, MD, PhD Associate Professor Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Departments of Medicine and Surgery Università degli Studi di Salerno Baronissi, Italy Justin Orr, MD Foot and Ankle Orthopaedic Surgeon Director, Orthopaedic Residency Program William Beaumont Army Medical Center El Paso, Texas Cristian Ortiz, MD

Kyle S. Peterson, DPM Foot and Ankle Surgeon Suburban Orthopaedics Bartlett, Illinois Phinit Phisitkul, MD Tri-State Specialists

Sioux City, Iowa Medical Director

Riverview Surgical Center South Sioux City, Nebraska Adjunct Assistant Professor

College of Allied Health Professions University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska Michael S. Pinzur, MD Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Loyola University Health System Maywood, Illinois Gregory C. Pomeroy, MD Portland, Maine Marcelo Prado Doctor in Orthopaedic and Traumatology Foot and Ankle Surgeon Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein São Paulo, Brazil Orthopedic Surgeon St. Mary’s Hospital

Universidad de los Andes Traumatología y Ortopedia Santiago, Chile Fred W. Ortmann, MD Greensboro Orthopaedics Greensboro, North Carolina

Orthopaedic Surgeon NYU Langone Health New York, New York

xvi

Colaboradores

S. Robert Rozbruch, MD Professor Department of Orthopedic Surgery Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York Roxa Ruiz, MD Senior Attending Foot and Ankle Surgeon Center of Excellence for Foot and Ankle Surgery Orthopaedic Clinic Kantonsspital Baselland Liestal, Switzerland Richard W. Rutherford, MD EmergeOrtho Durham, North Carolina Charlie Saltzman, MD Chairman, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Utah Orthopaedic Center Salt Lake City, Utah G. James Sammarco, MD Clinical Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Cincinnati Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio V. James Sammarco, MD Orthopaedic Surgeon Foot and Ankle OrthoCincy Cincinnati, Ohio Thomas P. San Giovanni, MD Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine Chief, Foot and Ankle Surgery UHZ Sports Medicine Institute Miami, Florida David W. Sanders, MD, MSc, FRCSC Professor Department of Surgery Western University London Health Sciences Centre Victoria Hospital London, Ontario, Canada Roy W. Sanders, MD Professor and Chairman Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of South Florida Director, Orthopaedic Trauma Service Florida Orthopaedic Institute Tampa, Florida James Santangelo, MD Orthopaedic Surgeon Womack Army Medical Center Fort Bragg, North Carolina Robert D. Santrock, MD Associate Professor Department of Orthopaedics Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia

Nikiforos Pandelis Saragas, MBBCh, PhD Head Foot and Ankle Unit Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa Adam P. Schiff, MD Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Loyola University Health System Maywood, Illinois Oliver N. Schipper, MD Anderson Orthopaedic Clinic Arlington, Virginia Lew Schon, MD, FACS, FAAOS Department of Orthopaedic Surgery New York University Langone New York, New York Director Orthopedic Innovation Institute of Foot and Ankle Reconstruction Mercy Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland Karl M. Schweitzer, Jr., MD Foot and Ankle Orthopaedic Surgeon Duke Orthopaedics Raleigh, North Carolina Aaron T. Scott, MD Associate Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston Salem, North Carolina Steven L. Shapiro, MD Savannah Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle

Emmanouil D. Stamatis, PhD Director, Department of Reconstructive Foot and Ankle Surgery Mediterraneo Hospital Athens, Greece Steven D. Steinlauf, MD Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation University of Miami Miami, Florida Michael M. Stephens, FRCSI, MS Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon Department of Orthopaedics Mater Private Hospital Dublin, Ireland J. Jordan Stivers, MD Resident Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Washington University in Saint Louis St. Louis, Missouri Karen M. Sutton, MD Associate Attending Orthopedic Surgeon Department of Sports Medicine Hospital for Special Surgery Stamford, Connecticut Yasuhito Tanaka, MD Professor and Chairman Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Nara Medical University Nara, Japan James P. Tasto, MD Clinical Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California at San Diego Founder, San Diego Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center Durham, North Carolina Ahmed Thabet, MD, PhD Lecturer of Orthopaedic Surgery Benha, University Benha, Egypt Hajo Thermann Professor Medical Specialist for Surgery, Trauma Surgery HKF International Center for Hip, Foot and Knee ATOS Klinik Heidelberg San Diego, California Dean C. Taylor, MD Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Duke University Medical Center James R. Urbaniak Sports Sciences Institute

Savannah, Georgia Akhil Sharma, BS Research Fellow Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Duke University Durham, North Carolina Glenn G. Shi, MD Orthopedic Surgeon Mayo Clinic

Jacksonville, Florida Chloe Shields, BS Research Assistant University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida Yoshiharu Shimozono, MD

Orthopedic Surgeon NYU Langone Health New York, New York

Sam Singh, MRCS, FRCS(Orth) Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon

Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics Guy’s and Saint Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust London, United Kingdom Bertil W. Smith, MD Foot and Ankle Surgeon Southern California Permanente Medical Group San Marcos, California Heidelberg, Germany Sandra L. Tomak, MD Orthopaedic Surgeon Connecticut Orthopaedic Specialists Guilford, Connecticut Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.

xvii

Colaboradores

Paul Tornetta III, MD Professor and Chair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Boston University Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts Joseph Tracey, MS Medical Student Department of Orthopaedics Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina Hans-Joerg Trnka, MD Professor Department of Pediatric Orthopedics and Foot Surgery Orthopädisches Spital Speising Wien Director, Fusszentrum Wien Vienna, Austria H. Robert Tuten, MD Orthopaedic Surgeon St. Mary’s Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Richmond, Virginia Victor Valderrabano, MD, PhD Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Swiss Ortho Center Basel, Switzerland Heather A. Vallier, MD Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio C. Niek van Dijk, MD Head, Ankle Unit FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence Madrid and Porto, Spain Emeritus Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery

Pablo Wagner, MD Foot and Ankle Surgeon Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Clínica Alemana de Santiago Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile Emilio Wagner, MD Foot and Ankle Surgeon Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Clínica Alemana de Santiago Associate Professor Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile Roland Walker, MB ChB, MSc, FRCS(Tr&Orth) Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics Guy’s and Saint Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Markus Walther, MD, PhD Medical Director Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery Schön Klinik München Harlaching Munich, Bavaria, Germany Tibor Warganich, MD Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sanford Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Bemidji, Minnesota London, United Kingdom Raymond J. Walls, MD Assistant Professor

Wolfram Wenz, MD Foot Surgeon Experts First

Heidelberg, Germany Peter H. White, MD Private Practice Richmond, Virgina Michael G. Wilson, MD, MBA

Orthopaedic Surgeon Cayuga Orthopaedics

Ithaca, New York Bryan L. Witt, MD Foot and Ankle Surgeon Orthopaedic Associates of Michigan Grand Rapids, Michigan Omar Yaldo, MD Resident Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Spectrum Health Grand Rapids, Michigan Richard S. Yoon, MD Director, Orthopaedic Research Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Jersey City Medical Center Jersey City, New Jersey Alastair Younger, MB, ChB, ChM, MSc, FRCSC Professor Department of Orthopaedics The University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine Footbridge Clinic Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

B. Collier Watson, DO Foot and Ankle Surgeon Hughston Clinic Columbus, Georgia

Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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