9788419284303_Abraham_Manual oncología.6ed

BETHESDA. MANUAL DE ONCOLOGÍA CLÍNICA

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de una recidiva, es necesario realizar una biopsia, y si la recidiva se con rma histológicamente, se deben hacer nuevas exploraciones que incluyan una RM de recto y una PET/TC. Se debe considerar la RAP de rescate en los pacientes con recidivas con rmadas por biopsia. Lecturas sugeridas 1. Ajani JA, Winter KA, Gunderson LL, et al. Fluorouracil, mitomycin, and radiotherapy vs uorouracil, cisplatin, and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the anal canal: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc . 2008;299(16):1914-1921. doi:10.1001/jama.299.16.1914 2. Allal AS, Laurencet FM, Raymond MA, et al. Effectiveness of surgical salvage therapy for patients with locally uncontrolled anal carcinoma after sphincter-conserving treatment. Cancer . 1999;86(3):405-409. doi:10.1002/ (SICI)1097-0142(19990801)86:3<405::AID-CNCR7>3.0.CO;2-Q 3. Arana R, Fléjou JF, Si-Mohamed A, et al. Clinicopathological and virological characteristics of super cially invasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus. Colorectal Dis . 2015;17(11):965-972. doi:10.1111/codi.12951 4. Bartelink H, Roelofsen F, Eschwege F, et al. Concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is superior to radiother apy alone in the treatment of locally advanced anal cancer: results of a phase III randomized trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiotherapy and Gastrointestinal Cooperative Groups. J Clin Oncol . 1997;15(5):2040-2049. doi:10.1200/JCO.1997.15.5.2040 5. Chai CY, Cao HT, Awad S, et al. Management of stage i squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. JAMA Surg . 2018;153(3):209-215. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2017.3151 6. Daling JR, Weiss NS, Klopfenstein LL, et al. Correlates of homosexual behavior and the incidence of anal cancer. J Am Med Assoc . 1982;247(14):1988-1990. doi:10.1001/jama.1982.03320390050042 7. Deshmukh AA, Suk R, Shiels MS, et al. Recent trends in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus incidence and mortality in the United States, 2001-2015. J Natl Cancer Inst . 2020;112(8):829-838. doi:10.1093/jnci/djz219 8. Flam M, John M, Pajak TF, et al. Role of mitomycin in combination with uorouracil and radiotherapy, and of salvage chemoradiation in the de nitive nonsurgical treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal: results of a phase III randomized intergroup study. J Clin Oncol . 1996;14(9):2527-2539. doi:10.1200/JCO.1996.14.9.2527 9. Fraunholz I, Rabeneck D, Gerstein J, et al. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with 5- uorouracil and mitomycin C for anal carcinoma: are there differences between HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in the era of highly active antiret roviral therapy? Radiother Oncol . 2011;98(1):99-104. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2010.11.011 10. Frisch M, Glimelius B, van den Brule AJC, et al. Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer. N Engl J Med . 1997;337(19):1350-1358. doi:10.1056/nejm199711063371904 11. Glynne-Jones R, Meadows H, Wan S, et al. EXTRA-A multicenter phase II study of chemoradiation using a 5 day per week oral regimen of capecitabine and intravenous mitomycin C in anal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 2008;72(1):119-126. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.12.012 12. Gunderson LL, Winter KA, Ajani JA, et al. Long-term update of US GI intergroup RTOG 98-11 Phase III trial for anal carcinoma: survival, relapse, and colostomy failure with concurrent chemoradiation involving uorouracil/mitomycin versus uorouracil/cisplatin. J Clin Oncol . 2012;30(35):4344-4351. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.43.8085 13. James RD, Glynne-Jones R, Meadows HM, et al. Mitomycin or cisplatin chemoradiation with or without maintenance chemotherapy for treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus (ACT II): a randomised, phase 3, open-label, 2×2 factorial trial. Lancet Oncol . 2013;14(6):516-524. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70086-X 14. Kachnic LA, Winter K, Myerson RJ, et al. RTOG 0529: a phase 2 evaluation of dose-painted intensity modulated radia tion therapy in combination with 5- uorouracil and mitomycin-C for the reduction of acute morbidity in carcinoma of the anal canal. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 2013;86(1):27-33. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.09.023 15. Martin D, Balermpas P, Fokas E, et al. Are there HIV-speci c differences for anal cancer patients treated with standard chemoradiotherapy in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) . 2017;29(4):248-255. doi:10.1016/j.clon.2016.12.010 16. Martin D, Balermpas P, Winkelmann R, et al. Anal squamous cell carcinoma – State of the art management and future perspectives. Cancer Treat Rev . 2018;65:11-21. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.02.001 17. Meulendijks D, Dewit L, Tomasoa NB, et al. Chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine for locally advanced anal carcinoma: an alternative treatment option. Br J Cancer . 2014;111(9):1726-1733. doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.467 18. Morris VK, Salem ME, Nimeiri H, et al. Nivolumab for previously treated unresectable metastatic anal cancer (NCI9673): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol . 2017;18(4):446-453. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30104-3 19. Myerson RJ, Garofalo MC, El Naqa I, et al. Elective clinical target volumes for conformal therapy in anorectal cancer: a radiation therapy Oncology group consensus panel contouring atlas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 2009;74(3):824-830. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.08.070 20. Nigro ND, Vaitkevicius VK, Buroker T, et al. Combined therapy for cancer of the anal canal. Dis Colon Rectum . 1981;24(2):73-75. doi:10.1007/BF02604287 SAMPLE