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•Reducebodyweight ifoverweight •Maintainahealthyweight •Eathealthy foods •Decrease salt inyourdiet

•Decrease fat inyourdiet • Increasefiber inyourdiet •Donot smoke •Avoid excessivealcohol intake

•Exercise regularly •Manage stress •Followyourphysician’s instructions and takeanymedicationsasprescribed

38 Nutrition Resources 39 Health Education 41 Training Aids 42 Anatomical 58 Skeletal 75 Gifts 76 Index Resources & Simulators Models Models

Anatomical Models

What isHighBlood Pressure? When the heart beats, it pumps blood out to all parts of the body thru the arteries creating force or pressure against thewalls of the arteries.Likeair ina tire,bloodfillsarteries toacertaincapacity.But justas toomuchairpressurecandamagea tire,highbloodpressure candamagehealthyarteries.Whenbloodpressure ishigh theheartmustworkharder topump the sameamountofblood through the arteries.Bloodpressure rises and fallsduring theday, butwhen bloodpressure stayshigh over time, it is calledhigh bloodpressure (HBP)orhypertension.Thewear and tear causedbyuntreatedhighbloodpressure can causedamage to theheart,kidneys and eyes, and increases the risk forheartattack, stroke,kidney failure, coronary arterydisease, andother serioushealthproblems. Signs and Symptoms ofHighBlood Pressure Most of the time, high bloodpressuredoes not cause any symptoms. It is oftendiagnosedwhen apatient visits theirphysician for a routine check-up.Many peopledo not realize they have high blood pressure until it has causeddamage to their body. In rare cases, headaches can result from extremelyhighbloodpressure. Understanding High Blood Pressure

Complications ofHighBlood Pressure

HighBloodpressure that isnot controlled can cause long-termdamage toyourblood vessels,brain,heart,kidneys, and eyes.Learningaboutyourbloodpressure canhelp reduceyour riskofhaving a strokeorheartattack. Askyourhealth careprovider to checkyourbloodpressure today.

BRAIN Stroke –Bloodvessels in thebrain thataredamaged,weakened andnarrowedbyhighbloodpressuremaybulgeout (aneurysm) andburst causingblood to seep into thebrain tissue (hemorrhage). Orblood clotsmay form in the arteries leading to thebrain, blockingbloodflow. Transient IschemicAttack –TIA (ministroke) isabrief, temporarydisruptionofblood supply to thebrain. It’soften causedby atherosclerosisorablood clot—bothofwhich canbe a resultofhighbloodpressure.

Blood clot Hemorrhage

Aneurysm

EYES Thickened,narrowedor tornbloodvessels in the eyesmay result invision loss.

How isBloodPressureMeasured? Bloodpressure ismeasuredwith a simple testusingabloodpressure cuff.The cuff iswrappedaroundyour upper armand inflated enough to stop thebloodflow inyour artery fora few seconds.When the cuff is releasedordeflated, thefirst soundheardbyyourhealth careprovider through the stethoscope is the whooshing soundofyourheartpushingblood intoyourarteries.This is called the “systolic”bloodpressure. The “diastolic”bloodpressure iswhen thisnoisedisappears, indicating theheart is relaxed. The systolicbloodpressurenumber is always statedfirst followedby thediastolicnumber. For example,yourbloodpressuremaybe read as“117over 76”,orwritten “117/76”.

Damagedbloodvessels in the retinaof the eye

Two numbers are used to describe blood pressure:

BLOODVESSELS Highbloodpressure candamage the innerwallsof arteries causing them to thicken andharden, a condition called arteriosclerosis .Cholesterolandother substances (plaque) in theblood can collecton thedamagedwallsof the arteries; a condition called atherosclerosis ; andmayblockbloodflow causingproblems such as chest pain (angina),heart attack,heart failure,kidney failure, stroke,blocked arteries inyour legsorarms (peripheralarterialdisease), eyedamage, andaneurysms.

Diastolic (bottom number) The second number is lower than the systolic pressure and measures blood pressure when the heart relaxes between beats.This is called “diastolic bloodpressure.”Anormal healthy number is around 76. Your blood pressure normally changes throughout the day. It rises when you are active, and lowerswhenyou are resting. Systolic (top number) The top number called “systolic blood pressure” measures bloodpressurewhen the heartpumps blood forward through the arteries to the restofyourbody.This force createspressureon thearteries.Bloodpressure ishighest when theheartbeats,pumping theblood.Anormalhealthynumber is around117. mmHg is ameasurementofpressure

117 76

mmHg

Healthy andUnhealthyBlood Pressure Levels

Thickened arterywalls Arteriosclerosis

Plaquebuilduponwallsofartery Atherosclerosis

ANEURYSM Over time, the constantpressureofbloodmoving throughaweakenedartery cancauseasectionof itswall toenlargeand formabulge (aneurysm).Ananeurysm canburst and cause internalbleeding.Aneurysms can form in anyartery in thebody,but they’remost common in the aorta, thebody’s largest artery.

Blood Pressure Category

Systolic mmHg (upper#)

Diastolic mmHg (lower #)

less than 120

and

Normal

less than 80

120 – 139

80 – 89

or

Prehypertension

140 – 159

or

90 – 99

HighBloodPressure (Hypertension) Stage 1

Aortic aneurysm

Burst aneurysm

160 orhigher

100 orhigher

HighBloodPressure (Hypertension) Stage2

or

HEART CoronaryArteryDisease (CAD) –Affects the arteries that supplyblood to theheart.Thickenedandnarrowed coronary arteriespreventblood from flowing freely to theheart, causing chestpain (angina),heart attackor irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias). LeftVentricularHypertrophy (LVH) –Highbloodpressure forces theheart to workharder topumpblood to the restof thebody.This causes theheart’s leftpumping chamber (the leftventricle) to thickenor stiffen limiting theventricle’sability topump blood, increasing the riskofheartattack,heart failure and sudden cardiacdeath. Heart failure –Over time, the strainon theheart fromhighbloodpressure can cause theheart toweaken andwork less efficiently, eventually failing tomeet thebody’sdemand forblood.

Hypertensive Crisis (Emergency care needed)

or

Higher than 180

Higher than 110

*Your doctor should evaluateunusually low bloodpressure readings.

http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/

Types and Causes ofHighBlood Pressure (Hypertension) Primary or essential hypertension is themost common type of high blood pressure. Inmost cases the exact causes are unknown;however there are several factors that increaseor contribute toyour chancesofdevelopinghighbloodpressure: •Obesityorbeingoverweight •Lackofphysical activity •Poordiet, especiallyone that includes toomuch saltand too littlepotassium •Genetics and familymedicalhistory •Ageandgender •High levelsof alcohol consumption •Ethnicbackground •Stress •Smoking and secondhand smoke Secondaryhypertension may result fromaknown cause such as: •Chronickidneydisease •Adrenal and thyroidproblemsor tumors •Diabetes •Pregnancy •Someneurologicdisorders r lt fr :

Blocked coronary arteries Angina

Thickenedheartmuscle LeftVentricularHypertrophy

KIDNEYS Highbloodpressure isoneof themost common causesof kidney failure. It candamageboth the largearteries leading to thekidneys and the tinybloodvesselswithin thekidneys. Damage to eitherprevents thekidneys from effectivelyfilteringwaste from theblood,allowingdangerous levelsoffluidandwaste toaccumulate. Glomerulus –filterswaste from blood

HighBloodPressure in Children Teens, childrenand evenbabies canhavehighbloodpressure.Althoughhigh bloodpressure is farmore common amongadults, the rate amongkids ison the rise, a trend that experts link to the increase in childhoodobesity.Early diagnosisand treatment can reduceorprevent theharmful complications ofhighbloodpressure.TheAmericanHeartAssociation recommends thatall childrenhave theirbloodpressuremeasuredyearly.Children have the same test forhighbloodpressure as adults;however,

Bloodvesseldamagedby Arteriosclerosis

Prevention andManagement

interpreting thenumbers ismoredifficult.Your child’s physicianwilluse chartsbasedonyour child’sgender, height, age andbloodpressurenumbers todetermine whetherornotyour childhashighbloodpressure.

Highbloodpressure canbeprevented andmanagedbestby adjustingyour lifestyle.Decreaseyourbloodpressureby: •Reducebodyweight ifoverweight •Maintainahealthyweight •Eathealthy foods •Decrease salt inyourdiet •Decrease fat inyourdiet • Increasefiber inyourdiet •Donot smoke •Avoid excessivealcohol intake •Exercise regularly •Manage stress •Followyourphysician’s instructionsand takeanymedicationsasprescribed

PublishedbyAnatomicalChartCompany | Developed in consultationwithDr.DouglasS.Moodie.

©2014

H.

I.

J.

Be sure to see ...

E. Basic Heart Model G8 • Three-quarter life-size. Depicts atrium cordis, ventricles of the heart and cardiac valves. Dissects into 2 parts. Removable from stand. • 3B Scientific GmbH, size: 3”x 5”x 2-1/2” F. Cutaway Heart Model G250 • Vividly painted, life-size. Divides in half to show inner chambers and valves. Mounted on plastic base. Removable study cards and base included. • Size: 3-1/2”x 4”x 6” G. Budget Jumbo Heart Model CH3 • 4-times life-size jumbo heart model, excellent for patient education or elementary science classes. Dissects into 3 parts showing anterior, posterior and interior views along with valve details. Mounted on a stand. • Size: 8”x 8”x 11-3/4”

H. Budget Life-Size Heart Model CH7

• Great for learning basic internal and external anatomy of the heart. Dissects into 2 parts.

• Anatomical Chart Collections (pages 27-30) • Anatomical Charts & Posters (pages 4-26) • Gifts (page 75) • Health Education Resources (pages 39-40) • Reference Materials & Study Aids (pages 31-34) • Skeletal Models (pages 58-74)

• Size: 3-1/4”x 3-1/4”x 6” I. Two-Part Heart Model HS3

• Three-quarter life-size. 2 parts, anterior part of the ventricles and auricles can be removed to show semilunar and tricuspid valves. Mounted on green ® base. • Somso ® Modelle, size: 8-1/2”x 5”x 4-3/4” J. Understanding High Blood Pressure Chart: 978-1-4697-7289-6.

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ANATOMICAL CHART COMPANY