WK Anatomical Chart Company Catalogue

38 Nutrition Resources 39 Health Education 41 Training Aids 42 Anatomical 58 Skeletal 75 Gifts 76 Index Resources & Simulators Models Models

Anatomical Models

D.

F.

E

H.

I.

G.

What isHighBlood Pressure? When the heart beats, it pumps blood out to all parts of the body thru the arteries creating force or pressure against thewalls of the arteries.Likeair ina tire,bloodfillsarteries toacertaincapacity.But justas toomuchairpressurecandamagea tire,highbloodpressure candamagehealthyarteries.Whenbloodpressure ishigh theheartmustworkharder topump the sameamountofblood through the arteries.Bloodpressure rises and fallsduring theday, butwhen bloodpressure stayshigh over time, it is calledhigh bloodpressure (HBP)orhypertension.Thewear and tear causedbyuntreatedhighbloodpressure can causedamage to theheart,kidneys and eyes, and increases the risk forheart attack, stroke,kidney failure, coronaryarterydisease, andother serioushealthproblems. Signs and Symptoms ofHighBlood Pressure Most of the time, high bloodpressuredoes not cause any symptoms. It is oftendiagnosedwhen apatient visits theirphysician for a routine check-up.Many peopledo not realize they have high blood pressure until it has causeddamage to their body. In rare cases, headaches can result from extremelyhighbloodpressure. Understanding High Blood Pressure

Be sure to see ...

Complications ofHighBloodPressure

HighBloodpressure that isnot controlled can cause long-termdamage toyourblood vessels,brain,heart,kidneys, and eyes.Learning aboutyourbloodpressure canhelp reduceyour riskofhaving a strokeorheart attack. Askyourhealth careprovider to checkyourbloodpressure today.

BRAIN Stroke –Bloodvessels in thebrain thataredamaged,weakened andnarrowedbyhighbloodpressuremaybulgeout (aneurysm) andburst causingblood to seep into thebrain tissue (hemorrhage). Orblood clotsmay form in the arteries leading to thebrain, blockingbloodflow. Transient IschemicAttack –TIA (ministroke) is abrief, temporarydisruptionofblood supply to thebrain. It’soften causedbyatherosclerosisor ablood clot—bothofwhich canbe a resultofhighbloodpressure.

Blood clot Hemorrhage

Aneurysm

• Anatomical Chart Collections (pages 27-30) • Anatomical Charts & Posters (pages 4-26) • Gifts (page 75) • Health Education Resources (pages 39-40) • Reference Materials & Study Aids (pages 31-34) • Skeletal Models (pages 58-74)

EYES Thickened,narrowedor tornbloodvessels in the eyesmay result invision loss.

How isBlood PressureMeasured? Bloodpressure ismeasuredwitha simple testusingabloodpressure cuff.The cuff iswrapped around yourupper arm and inflated enough to stop thebloodflow inyour artery for a few seconds.When the cuff is releasedordeflated, thefirst soundheardbyyourhealth careprovider through the stethoscope is the whooshing soundofyourheartpushingblood intoyour arteries.This is called the “systolic”bloodpressure. The “diastolic”bloodpressure iswhen thisnoisedisappears, indicating theheart is relaxed. The systolicbloodpressurenumber is always statedfirst followedby thediastolicnumber. For example,yourbloodpressuremaybe read as “117over76”,orwritten“117/76”.

Damagedbloodvessels in the retinaof the eye

Two numbers are used to describe blood pressure:

BLOODVESSELS Highbloodpressure candamage the innerwallsof arteries causing them to thicken andharden, a condition called arteriosclerosis .Cholesterolandother substances (plaque) in theblood can collecton thedamagedwallsof the arteries; a condition called atherosclerosis ; andmayblockbloodflow causingproblems suchas chest pain (angina),heartattack,heart failure,kidney failure, stroke,blockedarteries inyour legsor arms (peripheral arterialdisease), eyedamage,and aneurysms.

Diastolic (bottom number) The second number is lower than the systolic pressure and measures blood pressure when the heart relaxes between beats.This is called “diastolic bloodpressure.”Anormal healthy number is around 76. Your blood pressure normally changes throughout the day. It rises when you are active, and lowerswhenyou are resting. Systolic (top number) The top number called “systolic blood pressure” measures bloodpressurewhen the heartpumps blood forward through the arteries to the restofyourbody.This force createspressureon thearteries.Bloodpressure ishighest when theheartbeats,pumping theblood.Anormalhealthynumber is around 117. mmHg is ameasurementofpressure

117 76

mmHg

Healthy andUnhealthyBlood Pressure Levels

Thickened arterywalls Arteriosclerosis

Plaquebuilduponwallsofartery Atherosclerosis

ANEURYSM Over time, the constantpressureofbloodmoving throughaweakenedartery cancauseasectionof itswall toenlargeand formabulge (aneurysm).Ananeurysm canburst and cause internalbleeding.Aneurysms can form in anyartery in thebody,but they’remost common in the aorta, thebody’s largestartery.

Diastolic mmHg (lower #)

Blood Pressure Category

Systolic mmHg (upper#)

less than 120

and

less than 80

Normal

120 – 139

or

80 – 89

Prehypertension

HighBlood Pressure (Hypertension) Stage 1

140 – 159

or

90 – 99

Aorticaneurysm

Burst aneurysm

HighBlood Pressure (Hypertension) Stage 2

HEART CoronaryArteryDisease (CAD) –Affects the arteries that supplyblood to theheart.Thickened andnarrowed coronaryarteriespreventblood from flowing freely to theheart, causing chestpain (angina),heart attackor irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias). LeftVentricularHypertrophy (LVH) –Highbloodpressure forces theheart to workharder topumpblood to the restof thebody.This causes theheart’s leftpumping chamber (the leftventricle) to thickenor stiffen limiting theventricle’s ability topump blood, increasing the riskofheart attack,heart failure and sudden cardiacdeath. Heart failure –Over time, the strainon theheart fromhighbloodpressure can cause theheart toweaken andwork less efficiently, eventually failing tomeet thebody’sdemand forblood.

160 orhigher

or

100 orhigher

HypertensiveCrisis (Emergency care needed)

Higher than 180

or

Higher than 110

*Your doctor should evaluateunusually low blood pressure readings.

http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/

Types andCauses ofHighBlood Pressure (Hypertension) Primary or essential hypertension is themost common type of high blood pressure. Inmost cases the exact causes are unknown;however there are several factors that increaseor contribute toyour chancesofdevelopinghighbloodpressure: •Obesityorbeingoverweight •Lackofphysical activity •Poordiet, especiallyone that includes toomuch saltand too littlepotassium •Genetics and familymedicalhistory •Age andgender •High levelsof alcohol consumption •Ethnicbackground •Stress •Smokingand secondhand smoke Secondaryhypertension may result fromaknown cause such as: •Chronickidneydisease •Adrenaland thyroidproblemsor tumors •Diabetes •Pregnancy •Someneurologicdisorders

Blocked coronary arteries Angina

Thickenedheartmuscle LeftVentricularHypertrophy

KIDNEYS Highbloodpressure isoneof themost common causesof kidney failure. It candamageboth the large arteries leading to thekidneys and the tinybloodvesselswithin thekidneys. Damage to eitherprevents thekidneys from effectivelyfilteringwaste from theblood,allowingdangerous levelsoffluidandwaste toaccumulate. Glomerulus–filters waste fromblood

HighBlood Pressure inChildren Teens, childrenand evenbabies canhavehighbloodpressure.Althoughhigh bloodpressure is farmore common among adults, the rate amongkids ison the rise,a trend that experts link to the increase in childhoodobesity.Early diagnosis and treatment can reduceorprevent theharmful complications ofhighbloodpressure.TheAmericanHeartAssociation recommends thatall childrenhave theirbloodpressuremeasuredyearly.Children have the same test forhighbloodpressure as adults;however,

Bloodvessel damagedby Arteriosclerosis

Prevention andManagement

interpreting thenumbers ismoredifficult.Your child’s physicianwilluse chartsbasedonyour child’sgender, height, age andbloodpressurenumbers todetermine whetherornotyour childhashighbloodpressure.

Highbloodpressure canbeprevented andmanagedbestby adjustingyour lifestyle.Decreaseyourbloodpressureby: •Reducebodyweight ifoverweight •Maintain ahealthyweight •Eathealthy foods •Decrease salt inyourdiet •Decrease fat inyourdiet • Increasefiber inyourdiet •Donot smoke •Avoid excessive alcohol intake •Exercise regularly •Manage stress •Followyourphysician’s instructions and take anymedications asprescribed F

PublishedbyAnatomicalChartCompany | Developed in consultationwithDr.DouglasS.Moodie.

©2014

J.

49

ANATOMICAL CHART COMPANY