Stuttering

5. Learning and Unlearning 99 Learning 100 Unlearning 108 6. Theories About Stuttering 114 Theoretical Perspectives About Constitutional Factors in Stuttering 117 Theoretical Perspectives on Developmental and Environmental Factors 127 Integration of Perspectives on Stuttering 130 7. Typical Disfluency and the Development of Stuttering 143 Overview 145 Typical Disfluency 147 Younger Preschool Children: Borderline Stuttering 152 Older Preschool Children: Beginning Stuttering 155 School-Age Children: Intermediate Stuttering 159 Older Teens and Adults: Advanced Stuttering 163 8. Atypical Disfluency 171 Overview 172 Acquired Neurogenic Stuttering 172 Stuttering as a Result of Stress and Injuries While in the Military 174 Functional (Previously Termed “Psychogenic”) Stuttering 175 Malingering 177 Cluttering 179 Contents

Preface v Acknowledgments vii

S e c t i o n I Nature of Stuttering 1. Introduction to Stuttering 3 Perspective 4 Overview of the Disorder 6 Definitions 7 The Human Face of Stuttering 13

Basic Facts about Stuttering and Their Implications for the Nature of Stuttering 13 2. Primary Etiological Factors in Stuttering 26 What Do We Know About Constitutional Factors in Stuttering? 27 Hereditary Factors 28 Congenital and Early Childhood Trauma Studies 37 Brain Function and Structure 39 3. Sensorimotor, Language, and Emotional

Factors in Stuttering 53 Sensorimotor Factors 54

Language Factors 63 Emotional Factors 65 4. Developmental and Environmental Factors in Stuttering 73

Developmental Factors 76 Environmental Factors 89

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