Rogers Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care

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EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Donald H. Shaffner • John J. McCloskey Elizabeth A. Hunt • Robert C. Tasker

SECTION EDITORS Katherine V. Biagas Jeffrey P. Burns Joseph A. Carcillo Paul A. Checchia

Mark W. Hall Z. Leah Harris Joy Deanna Howell Sujatha Kannan Niranjan “Tex” Kissoon Sapna R. Kudchadkar Jacques Lacroix Graeme MacLaren Nilesh M. Mehta

Courtney Leigh Robertson Charles L. Schleien Jamie McElrath Schwartz Sunit C. Singhi Michael C. Spaeder Bo Sun Joseph D. Tobias Christopher M. Watson Randall C. Wetzel

Ira M. Cheifetz Heidi J. Dalton Jennifer G. Duncan Ericka L. Fink Anne-Marie Guerguerian

Rogers’ Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care SIXTH EDITION

Rogers’ Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care

SIXTH EDITION

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF

Donald H. Shaffner, MD Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland John J. McCloskey, MD Attending Physician Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Elizabeth A. Hunt, MD, MPH, PhD, FSSH Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland

Robert C. Tasker, MA, MD (Cantab), MBBS (Lond), DCH, FRCPCH, FRCP, FHEA (UK), AM (Harvard) Professor of Anaesthesia (Pediatrics) Harvard Medical School Founding Chair in Neurocritical Care Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Postgraduate Tutor, Fellow, College Lectureship in Medicine Selwyn College Cambridge, United Kingdom

SECTION EDITORS

Katherine V. Biagas, MD Jeffrey P. Burns, MD, MPH Joseph A. Carcillo, MD

Joy Deanna Howell, MD Sujatha Kannan, MD

Jamie McElrath Schwartz, MD Sunit C. Singhi, MBBS, MD, FIAD, FAMS, FICCM, FCCM Michael C. Spaeder, MD, MS, FCCM Bo Sun, MD, PhD Joseph D. Tobias, MD Christopher M. Watson, MD, MPH, FAAP, FCCM Randall C. Wetzel, MBBS, MRCP, LRCE, MBA, FAAP, FCCM

Niranjan “Tex” Kissoon, MBBS, FRCP(C), FAAP, MCCM, FACPE Sapna R. Kudchadkar, MD, PhD, FCCM Jacques Lacroix, MD, FRCPC Graeme MacLaren, MBBS MSc Nilesh M. Mehta, MD

Paul A. Checchia, MD, FCCM, FACC Ira M. Cheifetz, MD, FCCM, FAARC Heidi J. Dalton, MD, MCCM, FELSO Jennifer G. Duncan, MD Ericka L. Fink, MD, MS Anne-Marie Guerguerian, MD, PhD

Senior Acquisitions Editor: Keith Donnellan Senior Development Editor: Ashley Fischer Editorial Coordinator: Vinoth Ezhumalai Marketing Manager: Kirsten Watrud Production Project Manager: Kirstin Johnson Manager, Graphic Arts & Design: Stephen Druding Manufacturing Coordinator: Lisa Bowling Prepress Vendor: S4Carlisle Publishing Services

Sixth Edition

© 2016 by Wolters Kluwer. © 2008 by LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, a Wolters Kluwer business. © 1996 by WILLIAMS & WILKINS. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at permissions@lww .com, or via our website at shop.lww.com (products and services).

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN-13: 978-1-975174-21-7 ISBN-10: 1-975174-21-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2023909720

This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or im plied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work. This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals’ examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, cur rent or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments. Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent profes sional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer’s package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under ap plicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work. shop.lww.com

This textbook is dedicated to the memories of:

George Ofori-Amanfo, MD, April 4, 1962–December 30, 2021.

Division Chief of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital. Dr. Ofori-Amanfo was the primary author of the chapter “Hypertensive Crisis” for the 4th and 5th editions. Hector R. Wong, MD, March 6, 1963–January 23, 2022. Division Director of Pediatric Critical Care and Vice-Chair of Pediatrics at the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital. Dr. Wong was the section editor for Section V: Basic Science Concepts of Pediatric Critical Care and a coauthor of the chapter “Cellular Adaptations to Stress” for both the 4th and 5th editions.

■ CONTRIBUTOR LIST

Nicholas S. Abend, MD, MSCE Professor Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Attending Neurologist Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Alice D. Ackerman, MD, MBA, PCC Professor Emerita Department of Pediatrics Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine Owner and Principal A.D. Ackerman Coaching and Consulting, LLC Roanoke, Virginia Melissa D. Aczon, PhD Principal Data Scientist Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Congenital Heart Surgery Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas P. David Adelson, MD Director Department of Neuroscience Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital Phoenix, Arizona Kathryn Akong, MD, PhD Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics UC San Diego School of Medicine La Jolla, California Physician Division of Respiratory Medicine Rady Children’s Hospital—San Diego San Diego, California Monica Alba-Sandoval, MD Assistant Professor Division of Pediatric Critical Care Department of Pediatrics University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida Ben D. Albert, MD Assistant Professor of Anaesthesia Harvard Medical School Associate in Critical Care Medicine Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Iki Adachi, MD Associate Professor

Rajinder Pal Singh Bajwa, MBBS, MD, MRCP (UK) Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics The Ohio State University College of Medicine Associate Professor Division of Pediatric Heme/Onc/BMT Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio Adnan M. Bakar, MD Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics Albany Medical College Director, Pediatric Inpatient Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Bernard and Millie Duker Children’s Hospital at Albany Medical Center Albany, New York Kenneth J. Banasiak, MD, MS Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington, Connecticut Attending Physician-Critical Care Department of Pediatrics Connecticut Children’s Medical Center Hartford, Connecticut Arun Bansal, MD, MRCPCH, FICCM, FRCPCH, FCCM, FIAP Professor Department of Pediatric Emergency and Intensive Care Unit Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India Jessica A. Barreto, MD, MS Clinical Fellow Department of Cardiology Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Abby Basalely, MD, MS Department of Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Pediatric Nephrology Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Hempstead, New York Department of Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Pediatric Nephrology Cohen Children’s Medical Center New Hyde Park, New York Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School Clinical Fellow

Rajesh K. Aneja, MD Professor Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Gail M. Annich, MD, MS, FRCP(C), FELSO Professor Department of Critical Care Medicine/ Paediatrics University of Toronto’s Temerty Faculty of Medicine Director of Critical Care Response and Resuscitation Department of Critical Care Medicine The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada Tamil Selvan Anthonymuthu, PhD Research Assistant Professor Department of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Stephen Ashwal, MD Distinguished Professor Division of Child Neurology Department of Pediatrics Loma Linda University School of Medicine Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Associate Staff Department of Pediatric Cardiology Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital Cleveland, Ohio Peter F. Aziz, MD Professor Department of Pediatric Cardiology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Pediatric Electrophysiologist Pediatric Cardiology Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio John Scott Baird, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons New York, New York Loma Linda, California Iqbal El Assaad, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics

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Contributor List

Hülya Bayir, MD Professor Department of Pediatrics Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons Chief of Critical Care and Hospital Medicine Department of Pediatrics Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York New York, New York Shirley Susana Cruz Beltran, MD Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesiologist Department of Anesthesiology University of Florida College of Medicine Shands Children’s Hospital Gainesville, Florida Robert A. Berg, BS, MD, FAHA, FAAP, MCCP Professor Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, and Pediatrics Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Rachel Pardes Berger, MD, MPH Professor of Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Division of Child Advocacy, Department of Pediatrics UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Charles M. Bergman, MD Fellow Anoopindar K. Bhalla, MD, MSCI Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics Keck School of Medicine of USC Attending Physician Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Saleh Bhar, MD, QIA, FAAP Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Attending Physician, Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Critical Care Medicine; Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation Department of Pediatrics Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas Rakesh Bhattacharjee, MD, FRCPC, DABP, CBSM, DBSM Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine UC San Diego School of Medicine La Jolla, California Director of Sleep Medicine Pediatric Respiratory Medicine Rady Children’s Hospital—San Diego San Diego, California Department of Pediatrics Weill Cornell Medicine New York Presbyterian Hospital New York, New York

Katherine V. Biagas, MD Clinical Professor of Pediatrics Chief, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Vice Chair for Faculty Affairs Department of Pediatrics The Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University Stony Brook, New York L. Vandy Black, MD, MSc Associate Professor of Pediatrics Director, Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease Program Department of Pediatrics University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville, Florida Katherine E. Bline, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics The Ohio State University College of Medicine Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio Clifford W. Bogue, MD Waldemar von Zedtwitz Professor and Chair Department of Pediatrics Yale School of Medicine Chief of Pediatrics and Chief Medical Officer Yale New Haven Children’s Hospital New Haven, Connecticut Geoffrey J. Bond, MD, FRACS Assistant-Professor Department of Surgery University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Co-Director, Intestinal Care Center (ICARE) Attending Surgeon, Pediatric Transplant Surgery and Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation/Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Rebecca Hulett Bowling, MD, FACR Associate Professor Department of Radiology Washington University School of Medicine Pediatric Radiologist Department of Radiology St. Louis Children’s Hospital St. Louis, Missouri E. Alexis Bragg, MD Assistant Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Keck School of Medicine of USC Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Richard J. Brilli, MD, FAAP, MCCM Professor Emeritus Department of Pediatrics and Critical Care Medicine The Ohio State University College of Medicine Consulting Executive; CMO Retired Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio

Meredith C. G. Broberg, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Faculty Department of Pediatrics UH Rainbow and Babies Children’s Hospital Cleveland, Ohio Ronald A. Bronicki, MD Professor Department of Pediatrics Department of Baylor College of Medicine Cardiac Critical Care Medicine Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas Kate L. Brown, MD, MPH Consultant Paediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Heart and Lung Division Great Ormond Street Hospital London, United Kingdom Benjamin Berendinus Bruins, MD Assistant Professor Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Attending Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Medical University of South Carolina Shawn Jenkins Children’s Hospital Charleston, South Carolina Madeline Claire Burdick, MD Clinical Fellow Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada Jeffrey P. Burns, MD, MPH Professor of Anesthesia Harvard Medical School Chief and Shapiro Chair of Critical Care Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Warwick W. Butt, FRACP, FCICM, FELSO Specialist in Intensive Care The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia James D. Campbell, MD Professor Department of Pediatrics University of Maryland School of Medicine Attending Physician Department of Pediatrics University of Maryland Children’s Hospital Baltimore, Maryland Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Jason R. Buckley, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics

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Contributor List

Steven A. Conrad, MD, PhD, MCCM Professor Medicine, Emergency Medicine, Pediatrics and Surgery Louisiana State University Health Shreveport Shreveport, Louisiana Arthur Cooper, MD, MS Professor Emeritus/Special Lecturer, Surgery Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons Director of Pediatric Surgical and Trauma Services New York City Health + Hospitals, Harlem New York, New York Timothy T. Cornell, MD Professor Department of Pediatrics Stanford University School of Medicine Chief Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford Medicine Children’s Health Palo Alto, California Fernando F. Corrales-Medina, MD Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics—Pediatric Hematology-Oncology University of Miami-Hemophilia Treatment Center Staff Physician Department of Pediatrics—Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Holtz Children’s Hospital—Jackson Memorial Medical Center Miami, Florida John M. Costello, MD, MPH Vice Chair of Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics Director of Research, Children’s Heart Center Professor of Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics Medical University of South Carolina Attending Cardiac Intensivist Division of Pediatric Cardiology Shawn Jenkins Children’s Hospital Charleston, South Carolina Jason W. Custer, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics University of Maryland School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics Vice Chair and Division Head of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Director of Pediatric ICU, Director of Patient Safety University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland Paulo Sérgio Lucas Da Silva, MD Pediatric Critical Care Physician Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal Sao Paulo, Brazil Heidi J. Dalton, MD, MCCM, FELSO Professor of Clinical Surgery Department of Surgery George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences

Michael F. Canarie, MD Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics Yale School of Medicine PICU Attending Department of Pediatrics Yale New Haven Children’s Hospital New Haven, Connecticut Joseph A. Carcillo, MD Professor Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Todd C. Carpenter, MD Professor Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, Colorado Michael J. Carter, MRCPCH, DPhil NIHR Academic Clinical Lecturer in Paediatrics School of Life Course Sciences King’s College London Chief Fellow in Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine Forest Paediatric Intensive Care Evelina London Children’s Hospital London, United Kingdom Paul A. Checchia, MD, FCCM, FACC Professor Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Associate Chief, Critical Care Medicine Ira M. Cheifetz, MD, FCCM, FAARC KeyBank-Meyer Family Chair and Professor Department of Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital Cleveland, Ohio Kathleen Chiotos, MD, MSCE Assistant Professor Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, and Pediatrics Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Attending Physician Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Wendy K. Chung, MD, PhD Kennedy Family Professor of Pediatrics in Medicine Department of Pediatrics Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons New York, New York Robert S. B. Clark, MD Professor Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Professor Department of Critical Care Medicine UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Pediatrics Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas

Megan C. Daniel, MD Assistant Professor Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Department of Pediatrics The Ohio State University College of Medicine Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio Samuel Zachary Davila, MD Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Department of Pediatrics Children’s Health Dallas Dallas, Texas Guillermo De Angulo, MD Associate Professor Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine Florida International University Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Nicklaus Children’s Hospital Miami, Florida Werther Brunow de Carvalho, MD, PhD, FCCM Department of Professor Pediatrics—Critical Care Pediatrics/Neonatology Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil Artur Figueiredo Delgado, MD, PhD Division of Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics Pediatric Intensive Care and Neonatology São Paulo University São Paulo, Brazil Maya Dewan, MD, MPH Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio Aditi Dhir, MD Assistant Professor Division of Hematology Oncology Department of Pediatrics University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida Nitin Dhochak, MD, DM Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India Anton Dietzen, DC, MD Pediatric Research Medicine Kennedy Krieger Institute and The Johns Hopkins Hospital Assistant Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Aaron J. Donoghue, MD, MSCE, FAAP, FAHA Associate Professor of Critical Care and Pediatrics Department of Critical Care Medicine and Emergency Medicine Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Attending Physician Critical Care Medicine and Emergency Medicine Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Washington, District of Columbia Director of Research and Program Development ECLS Professor of Clinical Surgery Department of Pediatrics Heart and Vascular Institute Falls Church, Virginia

Contributor List

George L. Foltin, MD Professor of Clinical Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics Suny Downstate School of Medicine Vice Chair Department of Pediatrics Maimonides Children’s Hospital Brooklyn, New York Marcelo Cunio Machado Fonseca, MD, PhD, MSc (Health Economics) Director of the Health Technology Assessment Center Federal University of São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina São Paulo, Brazil James D. Fortenberry, MD, MCCM, FAAP, FELSO Professor, Pediatric Critical Care Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Chief Medical Officer Executive, Chief Medical Office Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta, Georgia Philippe S. Friedlich, MD, MSEpi, MBA Professor of Pediatrics and Surgery Department of Pediatrics Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Keck School of Medicine of USC Los Angeles, California James J. Gallagher, MD, FACS Associate Clinical Professor Department of Surgery Weill Cornell Medicine Director, Burn Center Department of Surgery New York Presbyterian Hospital New York, New York Deepika Gandhi, MBBS, DNB Adjunct Faculty Department of Pediatrics University of Sharjah College of Medicine Specialist Paediatrics and Paediatric Intensive Care Department of Paediatrics NMC Royal Hospital Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Jennifer Gauntt, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics The Ohio State University College of Medicine Attending Physician, Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit Department of Cardiology Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio Taumoha Ghosh, MD, MS Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Department of Pediatrics University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics Holtz Children’s Hospital—Jackson Memorial Medical Center Miami, Florida

Ori Eyal, MD, MSc Senior Clinical Lecturer Department of Pediatrics

Kevin J. Downes, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Attending Physician Division of Infectious Diseases

Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Director Clinic Pediatric Endocrinology Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Tel Aviv, Israel Edward Vincent S. Faustino, MD, MHS Professor (Critical Care) Department of Pediatrics Yale School of Medicine Attending Physician Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Yale New Haven Children’s Hospital New Haven, Connecticut Kathryn A. Felmet, MD Associate Professor Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland, Oregon Nikki Miller Ferguson, MD Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics Children’s Hospital of Richmond at VCU Richmond, Virginia Jose Maria Cardenas Fimbres, MD Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Fellow Department of Pediatrics University of Florida College of Medicine Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Fellow San Francisco, California Ericka L. Fink, MD, MS Professor Department of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Faculty Department of Critical Care Medicine UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Douglas S. Fishman, MD Professor Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Professor Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas Julie C. Fitzgerald, MD, PhD, MSCE Associate Professor Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Associate Chief of Research for Critical Care Department of Pediatrics Shands Children’s Hospital Gainesville, Florida Jeffrey R. Fineman, MD Professor Department of Pediatrics UCSF School of Medicine Chief Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital

Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Roberts Center for Pediatric Research Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Laurence Ducharme-Crevier, MD, MSc Adjunct Professor Department of Medicine Université de Montréal Pediatric Intensivist Department of Pediatrics CHU Sainte-Justine Montréal, Québec, Canada Trevor Duke, MD, FRACP, FCICM Clinical Director General intensive Care Unit The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Jennifer G. Duncan, MD Professor Department of Pediatrics Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri Adam Dziorny, MD, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Attending Physician, Division of Critical Care Department of Pediatrics Golisano Children’s Hospital at Strong Rochester, New York R. Blaine Easley, MD Professor Departments of Pediatrics and Anesthesiology Baylor College of Medicine Division Chief, Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas Conrad Leon Epting, MD Associate Professor Pediatrics and Pathology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Attending Physician, Pediatric and Cardiac ICU Department of Pediatrics Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital Chicago, Illinois Maria Cristina Esperanza, MD, MBA Director of Quality and Safety for Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Department of Pediatrics Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital New York, New York Katelyn M. Even, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics Penn State College of Medicine Penn State Health Children’s Hospital Hershey, Pennsylvania

Anesthesiology and Critical Care Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Contributor List

Jeremy R. Herrmann, MD T32 Post-Doctoral Scholar Department of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Clinical Instructor Department of Critical Care Medicine UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Keith E. Hiatt, MSN, CPNP-AC Nurse Practitioner Pediatric Intensive Care Unit University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland Royal Brompton Hospital London, United Kingdom Aparna Hoskote, MBBS, MD, MRCP (UK) Consultant in Paediatric Cardiac Intensive Care and Associate Professor UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science University College London Heart and Lung Directorate Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London, United Kingdom Justin C. Hotz, RRT-NPS Software Engineer Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Department of Pediatrics Weill Cornell Medicine Attending Physician Department of Pediatrics New York Presbyterian Hospital New York, New York Elizabeth A. Hunt, MD, MPH, PhD, FSSH Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Siew Yen Ho, PhD, FRCPath Emeritus Professor, Consultant Cardiac Morphology Joy Deanna Howell, MD Professor of Clinical Pediatrics Hospital Universitario Austral Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina Erwin Ista, RN, PhD Associate Professor Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Erasmus MC—Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam, the Netherlands Narayan Prabhu Iyer, MBBS, MD Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics Keck School of Medicine of USC Attending Neonatologist Newborn and Infant Critical Care Unit Fetal and Neonatal Institute Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Baltimore, Maryland Tomas Iölster, MD Director Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Department of Pediatrics

Lily Glater-Welt, MD, FAAP Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Hempstead, New York Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children’s Medical Center of New York New Hyde Park, New York David J. Grant, MBChB, MRCP, MRCPCH, FFICM Simulation and Interprofessional Education Lead Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care Seahorse Paediatric Intensive Care Unit Bristol Royal Hospital for Children Bristol, United Kingdom Seth B. Gray, MD Assistant Professor Department of Paediatrics University of Toronto’s Temerty Faculty of Medicine Staff Cardiac Intensivist Departments of Critical Care and Paediatrics The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada Bruce M. Greenwald, MD Professor Clinical Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine Chief Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Center New York, New York Jocelyn R. Grunwell, MD, PhD Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Research Director Division of Critical Care Medicine Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta, Georgia Anne-Marie Guerguerian, MD, PhD Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto’s Temerty Faculty of Medicine Staff Physician Division of Paediatric Intensive Care Department of Critical Care Medicine The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada Kourtney Kayanne Guthrie, MD Pediatric Critical Care Fellow, PGY 6 Department of Pediatrics University of Florida College of Medicine Shands Children’s Hospital Gainesville, Florida Gabriel G. Haddad, MD Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics and Neurosciences Chairman, Department of Pediatric Vice Dean, Children’s Academic Programs UC San Diego School of Medicine La Jolla, California Physician in Chief and Chief Scientific Officer Department of Pediatric Rady Children’s Hospital—San Diego San Diego, California

Bereketeab Haileselassie, MD, MHS Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics Stanford University School of Medicine Associate Director, Critical Care Fellowship Department of Pediatrics Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford Palo Alto, California Mark W. Hall, MD Professor Department of Pediatrics The Ohio State University College of Medicine Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio Benjamin Hammond, MD Assistant Professor Division of Pediatric Cardiology University of Utah Associate Professor of Pediatrics Pediatric and Cardiac Critical Care University of Virginia Children’s Hospital Charlottesville, Virginia Z. Leah Harris, MD Professor and Chair Department of Pediatrics Dell Medical School University of Texas at Austin Physician in Chief Dell Children’s Medical Center Austin, Texas Abeer Hassoun, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons Pediatric Endocrine Attending New York Presbyterian Hospital Columbia University Medical Center New York, New York Masanori Hayashi, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine Assistant Professor Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders Children’s Hospital Colorado Aurora, Colorado Andrew J. Helmers, MDCM, MHSc (Bioethics), MSc Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto’s Temerty Faculty of Medicine Staff Physician Department of Critical Care Medicine The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada Fiorela Hernandez-Tejada, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics UT MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas Attending Physician Department of Pediatrics New York Presbyterian Hospital New York, New York Pediatric Cardiologist Pediatric Cardiology Primary Children’s Hospital Salt Lake City, Utah William G. Harmon, MD

Contributor List

Philippe A. Jouvet, MD, PhD Pediatric Intensivist Department of Pediatrics University of Montreal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Montreal, Quebec, Canada Sushil K. Kabra, MD, DNB Professor Department of Pediatrics All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India Siripen Kalayanarooj, MD Professor Dengue Center of Excellence Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Ministry of Public Health Consultant, Faculty of Tropical Medicine Mahidol University Bangkok, Thailand Brian T. Kalish, MD Assistant Professor Departments of Paediatrics and Molecular Genetics University of Toronto’s Temerty Faculty of Medicine Staff Neonatologist Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada Asavari Kamerkar, DO Assistant Professor Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Keck School of Medicine of USC Medical Director, ECMO Department Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Sujatha Kannan, MD Professor Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Oliver Karam, MD, PhD Professor and Chief Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Department of Pediatrics Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Professor Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Department of Pediatrics VCU School of Medicine Division Chief Department of Pediatrics Children’s Hospital of Richmond at VCU Richmond, Virginia Ann Karimova, MD Consultant in Paediatric Cardiac Critical Care University College London London, United Kingdom Todd J. Karsies, MD, MPH Associate Professor Clinical Department of Pediatrics The Ohio State University College of Medicine Department of Pediatric Intensivist Critical Care Medicine Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio

Travis C. Jackson, PhD Associate Professor Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology University of South Florida Tampa, Florida M. Jayashree, MD Professor Chief, Division of Pediatric Emergency and Intensive Care Advanced Pediatrics Centre Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India Asumthia S. Jeyapalan, DO, MHA Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Attending Physician, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Department of Pediatrics Holtz Children’s Hospital Jackson Memorial Health System Miami, Florida Ruchira Menka Jha, MD, MSc, FNCS Associate Professor Department of Neurology Barrow Neurological Institute Division Chief, Neurocritical Care Department of Neurology St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona Khaliah A. Johnson, MD, FAAP Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Division Chief, Pediatric Palliative Care Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta, Georgia Cíntia Johnston, Intensive Physiotherapist, MSc, PhD Assistant Professor of Clinical Research in Intensive Care and Neonatology Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine of São Paulo (FMUS) Coordinator of the Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Service at the SEPACO Maternity Hospital São Paulo, Brazil President of the Department of Physiotherapy in Intensive Care of the Brazilian Association of Intensive Medicine (DEFITI-AMIB) Vocal from the Latin American Society of Pediatric Intensive Care (SLACIP) at WPFICCS Member of the WFPICCS Clinical Research Committee Department of Pediatrics UCSF School of Medicine San Francisco, California Assistant Professor Division of Pediatric and Infectious Diseases UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, California Zachary A. Johnson, MD Pediatric Critical Care Attending Department of Pediatrics Maimonides Medical Center Brooklyn, New York

Shubhi Kaushik, MBBS Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Attending Physician Department of Pediatrics Kravis Children’s Hospital at Mount Sinai New York, New York Thomas G. Keens, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Physiology and Neuroscience Keck School of Medicine of USC Pediatric Pulmonologist Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Kate F. Kernan, MD Assistant Professor Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pediatric Intensivist Department of Critical Care Medicine Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Ajai Khanna, PhD, FACS, FRCS Professor Department of Surgery University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pediatric Transplant Surgeon Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Robinder G. Khemani, MD, MSCI Professor of Pediatrics Clinical Scholar Keck School of Medicine of USC Attending Physician, Pediatric Intensive Care Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Todd J. Kilbaugh, MD Professor, William J. Greeley Endowed Chair Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine, and Pediatrics Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Associate Anesthesiologist in Chief Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Fenella J. Kirkham, MD Research, FRCPCH Professor of Paediatric Neurology Developmental Neurosciences UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London, United Kingdom Roxanne E. Kirsch, MD, MBE, FRCPC, FAAP Associate Professor University of Toronto’s Temerty Faculty of Medicine Interim Division Head, Cardiac Critical Care Associate Chief, Faculty Development, EDI and Wellness, Perioperative Services Clinical Bioethics Associate, Bioethics Department Department of Critical Care Medicine The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Contributor List

Rakesh Lodha, MD Professor Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Intensive Care All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India David M. Loeb, MD, PhD Professor Pediatrics and Developmental and Molecular Biology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Chief Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Cellular Therapy Department of Pediatrics Children’s Hospital at Montefiore Bronx, New York Adam W. Lowry, MD Assistant Professor Pediatrics University of Central Florida College of Medicine Attending, Cardiac Critical Care Nemours Cardiac Center Nemours Children’s Hospital Orlando Orlando, Florida Matthew Luchette, MD Fellow in Critical Care Medicine Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Kristen M. Lutzkanin, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics Division of Allergy-Immunology Penn State College of Medicine Penn State Health Children’s Hospital Hershey, Pennsylvania Graeme MacLaren, MBBS MSc Director, Cardiothoracic ICU National University Hospital Singapore Katherine Mai, MD Department of Pediatric Nephrology Fellow Pediatric Nephrology Cohen Children’s Medical Center New Hyde Park, New York Emin Maltepe, MD, PhD Department of Professor Pediatrics, Biomedical Sciences, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Iris Mandell, MD Assistant Professor Pediatric ICU Attending Cohen Children’s Medical Center New Hyde Park, New York Candace N. Mannarino, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Attending Physician Department of Pediatrics Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital Chicago, Illinois UCSF School of Medicine San Francisco, California

Jacques Lacroix, MD, FRCPC Professor Division of Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine Department of Pediatrics Sainte-Justine Hospital and Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec, Canada Patricia Miranda do Lago, MD Professor Department of Pediatrics Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Chief of PICU and Emergency Room Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Kerri L. LaRovere, MD, RPNI, MMSc Assistant Professor Department of Neurology Harvard Medical School Chief, Neurocritical Care Program in Neurology Director, Pediatric Neurocritical Care Fellowship Department of Neurology Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Jos M. Latour, RN, PhD, FEfCCNa Professor in Clinical Nursing School of Nursing and Midwifery Faculty of Health University of Plymouth Plymouth, United Kingdom Matthew B. Laurens, MD, MPH Professor Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department of Pediatrics Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health University of Maryland School of Medicine Director, Fellowship Training Program in Pediatric Infectious Diseases Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department of Pediatrics University of Maryland Children’s Hospital Baltimore, Maryland David Ledbetter, BS (Maths) Principal Data Scientist Virtual Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Director Advanced Analytics for Healthcare KPMG Lighthouse Dallas, Texas Jan Hau Lee, MBBS, MRCPCH, MCI Associate Professor Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme Duke-NUS Medical School Senior Consultant Children’s Intensive Care Unit KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital Singapore, Singapore Heitor Pons Leite, MD, PhD

Niranjan “Tex” Kissoon, MBBS, FRCP(C), FAAP, MCCM, FACPE President, Global Sepsis Alliance Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, UBC UBC & BC Children’s Hospital Professor in Critical Care—Global Child Health Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Nigel J. Klein, BSc, MBBS, PhD, FRCPCH Professor of Infection and Immunity UCL and Honorary Consultant in Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology University College London Honorary Consultant in Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology Paediatric Infection and Immunity Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London (NHS) London, United Kingdom Monica E. Kleinman, MD Associate Professor of Anesthesia (Pediatrics) Department of Anesthesia Harvard Medical School Medical Director, Medical-Surgical ICU Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Patrick M. Kochanek, MD, MCCM Distinguished Professor of Critical Care Medicine Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pediatrics, and Clinical and Translational Science University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Nikoleta S. Kolovos, MD Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics Washington University School of Medicine Attending Physician Sapna R. Kudchadkar, MD, PhD, FCCM Vice Chair for Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Anesthesiologist in Chief Johns Hopkins Children's Center Baltimore, Maryland Sheila S. Kun, RN, BSN, MS, CPN, FCCP Nurse Care Manager Pediatric Intensive Care Unit St. Louis Children’s Hospital St. Louis, Missouri

Division of Pediatric Pulmonology Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Hiroshi Kurosawa, MD, PhD Visiting Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics Kobe University School of Medicine Chief

Affiliate Professor Pediatric Nutrition Department of Pediatrics Escola Paulista de Medicina Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil

Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children’s Hospital Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan

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Contributor List

Kathleen L. Meert, MD Professor and Chairman Department of Pediatrics Central Michigan University College of Medicine Mount Pleasant, Michigan Pediatric Specialist in Chief Department of Pediatrics Children’s Hospital of Michigan Detroit, Michigan Nilesh M. Mehta, MD Professor Department of Anaesthesia (Critical Care) Harvard Medical School Senior Associate, Division of Critical Care Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts David Joshua Michelson, MD Assistant Professor Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology Loma Linda University School of Medicine Chief, Division of Child Neurology Department of Pediatrics Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital Loma Linda, California Karl Sherif Boshra Migally, MD Assistant Professor Division of Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois Alison H. Miles, DO Assistant Professor Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Attending Physician Department of Pediatric Cardiac ICU and Pediatric Palliative Medicine Johns Hopkins Hospital Bloomberg Children’s Center Baltimore, Maryland Darryl K. Miles, MD Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Staff Physician

George V. Mazariegos, MD, FACS, FAST Jamie Lee Curtis Professor of Surgery and Critical Care Department of Surgery University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Chief of Pediatric Transplant Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Mary E. McBride, MD, MEd Department of Associate Professor Pediatrics and Medical Education Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Attending Physician Department of Pediatrics Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital Chicago, Illinois Craig McClain, MD, MPH Associate Professor of Anesthesia Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts John J. McCloskey, MD Attending Physician Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Michael Conor McCrory, MD, MS Associate Professor Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics Wake Forest School of Medicine Attending Physician, Pediatric Critical Care Department of Anesthesiology Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Winston-Salem, North Carolina John K. McGuire, MD Associate Professor, Division Head Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine University of Washington School of Medicine Division Head, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Department of Critical Care Seattle Children’s Hospital Seattle, Washington Michael L. McManus, MD, MPH Associate Professor Department of Anesthesia (Pediatrics) Harvard Medical School Senior Associate and BCH Endowed Chair for Critical Care Anesthesia Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Kristen Nelson McMillan, MD Associate Professor, Pediatric Critical Care Division of Pediatric Critical Care Department of Pediatrics The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois Director, Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension, Ventricular Assist Device Therapies Advanced Heart Failure Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Attending Advocate Children’s Hospital and Children’s Heart Institute Oak Lawn, Illinois

Mioara D. Manole, MD Associate Professor Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department of Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania James P. Marcin, MD, MPH Professor Department of Pediatrics UC Davis School of Medicine Vice Chair for Research Director for the Center for Health and Technology Department of Pediatrics UC Davis Children’s Hospital Sacramento, California Bradley S. Marino, MD, MPP, MSCE, MBA Ronald and Helen Ross Distinguished Chair of Pediatric Cardiology Chair, Department of Pediatric Cardiology Executive Co-Director, Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Center Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital Cleveland, Ohio Barry P. Markovitz, MD, MPH Professor Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics Keck School of Medicine of USC Attending Physician Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Amarilis A. Martin, MD Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics Central Michigan University College of Medicine Mount Pleasant, Michigan Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Children’s Hospital of Michigan Detroit, Michigan Mudit Mathur, MD, MBA, FAAP, FCCM Associate Professor Department of Clinical Science Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine Pasadena, California Regional Physician-in-Charge, Pediatric Critical Care Southern California Permanente Medical Group Fontana Medical Center Fontana, California Travis J. Matics, DO Department of Pediatric Intensivist Pediatric Critical Care Advocate Children’s Hospital Oak Lawn, Illinois Patrick O’Neal Maynord, MD Associate Professor of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Department of Pediatrics Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, Tennessee

Division of Critical Care Children’s Medical Center Children’s Health Dallas, Texas

Sabina Mir, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics University of North Carolina School of Medicine Assistant Professor Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology North Carolina Memorial Hospital—UNC

Chapel Hill, North Carolina Vicki L. Montgomery, MD Professor Department of Pediatrics

University of Louisville School of Medicine Department of Chief, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Chief CARE Innovation Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Norton Children’s Hospital Louisville, Kentucky

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