Rockwood, Green, and Wilkins' Fractures, 10e Package

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CHAPTER 6 • Compartment Syndrome in Children

Annotated References

Reference

Annotation

Kalyani BS, Fisher BE, Roberts CS, Giannoudis PV. Compartment syndrome of the forearm: a systematic review. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36(3):535–543.

This is a systematic review evaluating evidence on compartment syndrome of the forearm in children. This review provides information on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of compartment syndrome in the forearm of children. This is a retrospective review of pediatric compartment syndrome from 2009 to 2018. Twenty-one patients were included. Swelling and worsening pain were presenting signs in all patients and paresthesias in 75%. Fasciotomies were performed in all within 20 hours of injury. Postoperatively, 10% had complications, most commonly involving strength and ROM. A national retrospective study was performed, which included 50,640 patients with tibia fractures. The incidence of compartment syndrome in this population was 0.6% in all tibia fractures and 5.5% in open tibia fractures. Compartment syndrome developed in 7.4% of teenagers who were discharged and most commonly involved tibia fractures that were managed nonoperatively. This is a retrospective review of SCH fractures from a level one pediatric trauma center and the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB). The NTDB included 31,167 isolated SCH fractures. Compartment syndrome was seen in 0.2% (67/31,167) of isolated SCH fractures. 530 patients were noted to have neurovascular injury. Of those, 4.5% developed ACS (24/530). This is a retrospective review of 517 pediatric tibial shaft fractures. Compartment syndrome developed in 1.9% of fractures (10/517). Risk factors for the development of compartment syndrome included higher BMI, age greater than 14, motor vehicle accidents, segmental tibia fractures, and ipsilateral fibular fracture. 17. Lee C, Lightdale-Miric N, Chang E, Kay R. Silent compartment syndrome in chil dren: a report of five cases. J Pediatr Orthop B . 2014;23(5):467–471. 18. Lin J, Samora WP, Samora JB. Acute compartment syndrome in pediatric patients: a case series. J Pediatr Orthop B . 2022;31(2):e236–e240. 19. Lin JS, Samora JB. Pediatric acute compartment syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Orthop B . 2020;29(1):90–96. 20. Livingston K, Glotzbecker M, Miller PE, et al. Pediatric nonfracture acute compart ment syndrome: a review of 39 cases. J Pediatr Orthop . 2016;36(7):685–690. 21. Livingston KS, Glotzbecker MP, Shore BJ. Pediatric acute compartment syndrome. J Am Acad Orthop Surg . 2017;25(5):358–364. 22. Marchesi M, Marchesi A, Calori GM, et al. A sneaky surgical emergency: acute com partment syndrome. Retrospective analysis of 66 closed claims, medico-legal pitfalls and damages evaluation. Injury . 2014;45(Suppl 6):S16–S20. 23. Martus JE, Preston RK, Schoenecker JG, et al. Complications and outcomes of diaph yseal forearm fracture intramedullary nailing: a comparison of pediatric and adoles cent age groups. J Pediatr Orthop . 2013;33(6):598–607. 24. Mubarak SJ, Carroll NC. Volkmann’s contracture in children: aetiology and preven tion. J Bone Joint Surg Br . 1979;61-B(3):285–293. 25. Obey MR, Shlykov MA, Nickel KB, et al. Incidence and risk factors for acute compart ment syndrome in pediatric tibia fractures. J Pediatr Orthop B . 2023;32(4):401–404. 26. Olson SA, Glasgow RR. Acute compartment syndrome in lower extremity musculo skeletal trauma. J Am Acad Orthop Surg . 2005;13(7):436–444. 27. Osborn CPM, Schmidt AH. Management of acute compartment syndrome. J Am Acad Orthop Surg . 2020;28(3):e108–e114. 28. Ozkayin N, Aktuglu K. Absolute compartment pressure versus differential pressure for the diagnosis of compartment syndrome in tibial fractures. Int Orthop . 2005; 29(6):396–401. 29. Pandya NK, Edmonds EW, Mubarak SJ. The incidence of compartment syndrome after flexible nailing of pediatric tibial shaft fractures. J Child Orthop . 2011;5(6): 439–447. 30. Pare JR, Moore CL. Intravenous infiltration resulting in compartment syndrome: a systematic review. J Patient Saf . 2018;14(2):e6–e8. 31. Raad M, Anugraha A. Acute compartment syndrome of the leg following injury to perforating branch of peroneal artery after a severe ankle sprain in a pediatric patient: a case and a review of literature. J Orthop Case Rep . 2020;10(8):68–71. 32. Ragland R III, Moukoko D, Ezaki M, et al. Forearm compartment syndrome in the newborn: report of 24 cases. J Hand Surg Am . 2005;30(5):997–1003. 33. Robertson AK, Snow E, Browne TS, et al. Who gets compartment syndrome? A ret rospective analysis of the national and local incidence of compartment syndrome

Lin J, Samora WP, Samora JB. Acute compartment syndrome in pediatric patients: a case series. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2022;31(2):e236–e240.

Obey MR, Shlykov MA, Nickel KB, et al. Incidence and risk factors for acute compartment syndrome in pediatric tibia fractures. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2023;32(4):401–404.

Robertson AK, Snow E, Browne TS, et al. Who gets compartment syndrome? A retrospective analysis of the national and local incidence of compartment syndrome in patients with supracondylar humerus fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2018;38(5):e252–e256. Villarreal ED, Wrenn JO, Sheffer BW, et al. Do patient-specific or fracture specific factors predict the development of acute compartment syndrome after pediatric tibial shaft fractures? J Pediatr Orthop. 2020;40(3):e193– e197. REFERENCES 1. Badhe S, Baiju D, Elliot R, et al. The ‘silent’ compartment syndrome. Injury . 2009; 40(2):220–222. 2. Bae DS, Kadiyala RK, Waters PM. Acute compartment syndrome in children: contem porary diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. J Pediatr Orthop . 2001;21(5):680–688. 3. Beck JJ, Tepolt FA, Miller PE, et al. Surgical treatment of chronic exertional compart ment syndrome in pediatric patients. Am J Sports Med . 2016;44(10):2644–2650. 4. Bhattacharyya T, Vrahas MS. The medical-legal aspects of compartment syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am . 2004;86(4):864–868. 5. Blakemore LC, Cooperman DR, Thompson GH, et al. Compartment syndrome in ipsilateral humerus and forearm fractures in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res . 2000;(376):32–38. 6. Broom A, Schur MD, Arkader A, et al. Compartment syndrome in infants and tod dlers. J Child Orthop . 2016;10(5):453–460. 7. Challa ST, Hargens AR, Uzosike A, Macias BR. Muscle microvascular blood flow, oxygenation, pH, and perfusion pressure decrease in simulated acute compartment syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am . 2017;99(17):1453–1459. 8. Choi PD, Rose RKT, Kay RM, Skaggs DL. Compartment syndrome of the thigh in an infant: a case report. J Orthop Trauma . 2007;21(8):587–590. 9. Driscoll EB, Maleki AH, Jahromi L, et al. Regional anesthesia or patient-controlled analgesia and compartment syndrome in orthopedic surgical procedures: a system atic review. Local Reg Anesth . 2016;9:65–81. 10. Erdos J, Dlaska C, Szatmary P, et al. Acute compartment syndrome in children: a case series in 24 patients and review of the literature. Int Orthop . 2011;35(4):569–575. 11. Flynn JM, Bashyal RK, Yeger-McKeever M, et al. Acute traumatic compartment syn drome of the leg in children: diagnosis and outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Am . 2011; 93(10):937–941. 12. Grottkau BE, Epps HR, Di Scala C. Compartment syndrome in children and adoles cents. J Pediatr Surg . 2005;40(4):678–682. 13. Hope MJ, McQueen MM. Acute compartment syndrome in the absence of fracture. J Orthop Trauma . 2004;18(4):220–224. 14. Kalyani BS, Fisher BE, Roberts CS, Giannoudis PV. Compartment syndrome of the forearm: a systematic review. J Hand Surg Am . 2011;36(3):535–543. 15. Kopriva J, Awowale J, Whiting P, et.al. Compartment syndrome in operatively man aged pediatric Monteggia fractures and equivalents. J Pediatr Orthop . 2020;40(8): 387–395. 16. Kucera TJ, Boezaart AP. Regional anesthesia does not consistently block ischemic pain: two further cases and a review of the literature. Pain Med . 2014;15(2):316–319.