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CHAPTER 5 • Classification of Fracture

C

A

B

Sust.

Med.

Lateral

Central

A

B

C

Type IIA

Type IIB

Type IIC

A

B

C

C

A

B

Type III AB

Type III AC

Type III BC

A

B

C

Figure 5-5. Sanders classification of calcaneus fractures. Note the classification is subdivided into a num ber of parts that are fractured at the widest part of the articular surface of the posterior facet. (Reprinted with permission from Sanders R. Intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus: present state of the art. J Orthop Trauma . 1992;6:254.) Type IV

of the bone is fractured. In long bones the diaphysis is positioned between the proximal and distal metaphyseal end segments. However, accurate and reliable classification requires a precise definition of these parts of bone. The proximal and distal end

segments of bone are defined using the rule of squares, in which the end segments are defined using a square, all sides being the same length as the widest part of the epiphysis/metaphysis (Fig. 5-7). The diaphysis then is that portion of the bone that