Rockwood Children CH19

719

CHAPTER 19 • Clavicle and Scapula Fractures and Acromioclavicular and Sternoclavicular Injuries

Scapula Fractures

AUTHOR’S PREFERRED TREATMENT FOR ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS  746

INTRODUCTION TO SCAPULA FRACTURES  736

MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS  746

ASSESSMENT OF SCAPULA FRACTURES  736 Mechanisms of Injury for Scapula Fractures  736 Injuries Associated With Scapula Fractures  737 Signs and Symptoms of Scapula Fractures  737 Imaging and Other Diagnostic Studies for Scapula Fractures  737 Classification of Scapula Fractures  737 Outcome Measures for Scapula Fractures  738

SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS  746 Sternoclavicular Fracture–Dislocations

INTRODUCTION TO STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE–DISLOCATIONS  747

PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO SCAPULA FRACTURES  739

ASSESSMENT OF STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE–DISLOCATIONS  747 Mechanisms of Injury for Sternoclavicular Fracture–Dislocations  747 Injuries Associated With Sternoclavicular Fracture–Dislocations  747 Signs and Symptoms of Sternoclavicular Fracture–Dislocations  747 Imaging and Other Diagnostic Studies for Sternoclavicular Fracture–Dislocations  748 Classification of Sternoclavicular Fracture–Dislocations  749 Outcome Measures for Sternoclavicular Fracture–Dislocations  749

TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SCAPULA FRACTURES  739 Nonoperative Treatment of Scapula Fractures  739 Operative Treatment of Scapula Fractures  739

AUTHORS’ PREFERRED TREATMENT FOR SCAPULA FRACTURES  741

MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO SCAPULA FRACTURES  742 SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO SCAPULA FRACTURES  742 Acromioclavicular Dislocations ASSESSMENT OF ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS  742 Mechanisms of Injury for Acromioclavicular Dislocations  742 Injuries Associated With Acromioclavicular Dislocations  742 Signs and Symptoms of Acromioclavicular Dislocations  742 Imaging and Other Diagnostic Studies for Acromioclavicular Dislocations  743 Classification of Acromioclavicular Dislocations  743 Outcome Measures for Acromioclavicular Dislocations  743 INTRODUCTION TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS  742

PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE–DISLOCATIONS  749

TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE–DISLOCATIONS  750 Nonoperative Treatment of Sternoclavicular Dislocations  750 Operative Treatment of Sternoclavicular Fracture–Dislocations  751

AUTHORS’ PREFERRED TREATMENT FOR STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE–DISLOCATIONS  754

MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE–DISLOCATIONS  754 SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE–DISLOCATIONS  755

PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS  744

TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS  744

Nonoperative Treatment of Acromioclavicular Dislocations  744 Operative Treatment of Acromioclavicular Dislocations  745