Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

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Organization and Control of Neural Function

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R E V I EW E X E R C I S E S

1. An event such as cardiac arrest, which produces global ischemia of the brain, can result in a selective loss of recent memory and cognitive skills, while the more vegetative and life-sustaining functions such as breathing are preserved. A. Use principles related to the development of the nervous system and hierarchy of control to explain why. 2. Usually spinal cord injury or disease produces both sensory and motor deficits. An exception is infection by the poliomyelitis virus, which produces muscle weakness and paralysis without loss of sensation in the affected extremities. A. Explain using information on the cell column organization of the spinal cord. 3. The functions of the sympathetic nervous system are often described in relation to the “fight-or- flight” response. Using this description, explain the physiologic advantage for the following distribution of sympathetic nervous system receptors: A. The presence of β 2 receptors on the blood vessels that provide blood flow to the skeletal muscles during “fight or flight,” and the presence of α 1 receptors on the resistance vessels that control blood pressure. B. The presence of acetylcholine receptors on the sweat glands that allow for evaporative loss of body heat during “fight or flight,” and the presence of α 1 receptors that constrict the skin vessels that control blood flow to the skin. C. The presence of β 2 receptors that produce relaxation in the detrusor muscle of the bladder during “fight or flight,” and the presence of α 1 receptors that produce contraction of the smooth muscle in the internal sphincter of the bladder.

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B I B L I O G R A P H Y Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell . 5th ed. New York, NY: Garland Science; 2008:675–694, 1048–1050. Brodal P. The Central Nervous System: Structure and Function . 4th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2010.