Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

Nervous Tissue Cells Neurons Neuroglial Cells Neuroglial Cells of the Peripheral Nervous System Neuroglial Cells of the Central Nervous System Metabolic Requirements of Nervous Tissue Nerve Cell Communication Action Potentials Synaptic Transmission Postsynaptic Potentials Chemical Synaptic Transmission Developmental Organization of the Nervous System 10 U N I T

Nervous System

C h a p t e r 34 Organization and Control of Neural Function he nervous system, in coordination with the endo- crine system, provides the means by which cell and tissue functions are integrated into an independent, liv- ing organism. It controls skeletal muscle movement and helps to regulate cardiac and visceral smooth muscle activity; it enables the reception, integration, and percep- tion of sensory information; it provides the substratum necessary for intelligence, anticipation, and judgment; and it facilitates adjustment to an ever-changing exter- nal environment. NervousTissue Cells Anatomically, the nervous system can be divided into two basic components: the central and peripheral ner- vous systems. The central nervous system (CNS) con- sists of the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by the skull and vertebral column. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the neurons outside the CNS (cra- nial nerves and their ganglia, and spinal nerves and their ganglia), which connect the brain and spinal cord with peripheral structures. Inherent in the basic design of the nervous system is the provision for the concentration of computational and control functions in the CNS, with the PNS relaying somatic and visceral sensory (afferent) input to the CNS for processing and transmitting effer- ent or motor output from the CNS to effector organs throughout the body (Fig. 34-1). T

Embryonic Development Segmental Organization Cell Columns Longitudinal Tracts

Spinal Cord and Brain The Spinal Cord

Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord Protection of the Spinal Cord

Spinal Nerves Spinal Reflexes

The Brain

Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Meninges

Ventricular System and Cerebrospinal Fluid Blood–Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid–Brain Barriers

The Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic Efferent Pathways Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System Central Integrative Pathways Autonomic Neurotransmission

Acetylcholine and Cholinergic Receptors Catecholamines and Adrenergic Receptors

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