Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

673

Disorders of the Bladder and Lower Urinary Tract

C h a p t e r 2 7

Tanagho’s General Urology . 18th ed. New York, NY: McGraw- Hill Medical; 2013:429–441. 6. Clemens JQ. Basic bladder neurophysiology. Urol Clin North Am. 2010;37:487–494. 7. Lue TF, Tanagho EA. Neuropathic bladder disorders. In: McAninch JW, Lue TF, eds. Smith and Tanagho’s General Urology . 18th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2013:442–457. 8. Tanagho EA, Bella AJ, Lue TF. Urinary incontinence. In: McAninch JW, Lue, TF, eds. Smith & Tanagho’s General Urology . 18th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Lange; 2013:489–497. 9. Porten SP, Greene KE. Urologic laboratory examination. In: McAninch JW, Lue TF, eds. Smith & Tanagho’s General Urology . 11. Seliu BA, Subedi R. Urinary retention in adults: diagnosis and initial management. Am Fam Physician. 2008;77(5):643–650. 12. Dorsher PT, McIntosh PM. Neurogenic bladder. Adv Urol. 2012:1–16. 13. Jeong AJ, Cho CY, O S-J. Spinal cord injury and the neurogenic bladder. Urol Clin North Am. 2010;37:S37–S46. 14. Sasaki K, Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB. Implication of diabetes mellitus in urology. Urol Clin North Am. 2003;30:1–12. 15. Vinik AI, Maser RE, Mitchell BD, et al. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1553–1579. 16. Sampselle CM, Palmer MH, Boyington AR, et al. Prevention of urinary incontinence in adults. Nurs Res. 2004;53(6 suppl):S61–S67. 17. Lue FT. Urinary incontinence. In: McAninch JW, Lue TF, eds. Smith and Tanagho’s General Urology . 18th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Lange; 2013:180–497. 18. Abrams P, Anderson KE, Birder L, et al. Fourth International Consultation on Incontinence Recommendations of the International Scientific Committee: evaluation and treatment  of urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and fecal incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29:213–240. 19. Fong E, Nitti VW. Urinary incontinence. Prim Care. 2010;37:599–612. 20. Khandelwal C, Disterler C. Diagnosis of urinary incontinence. Am Fam Physician . 2013;87(8):543–550. 21. Yoshimura N, Miyazato M. Neurophysiology and therapeutic receptor targets for stress urinary incontinence. Int J Urol. 2012;19:524–537. 22. Deng DY. Urinary incontinence in women. Med Clin North Am. 2011;95:101–109. 23. Smith PP, McCrery RJ, Appell RA. Current trends in the evaluation and management of female urinary incontinence. Can Med Assoc J. 2006;175:1233–1240. 24. Carpenter DA, Visovsky C. Stress urinary incontinence: a review of treatment options. AORN J. 2010;91(4):471–478. 25. Hayden RT, deRidder D, Freeman RM, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29:4–20. 26. Banackhar MA, Al-Shaiji TF, Hassouna MM. Pathophysiology of overactive bladder. Int Urogynecol J. 2012;23:975–982. 27. Chu FM, Dmochowski R. Pathology of overactive bladder. Am J Med. 2006;119(suppl 3A):3S–8S. 28. Nygaard I. Idiopathic urgency urinary incontinence. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(32):1156–1162. 29. Ouslander JG. Management of overactive bladder. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:786–799. 30. Gibbs CF, Johnson TM, Ouslander JG. Office management of geriatric urinary incontinence. Am J Med. 2007;120:213–220. 18th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Lange; 2013:48–60. 10. Tanagho EA, Lue, TF. Urinary obstruction and stasis. In: McAninch JW, Lue TF, eds. Smith and Tanagho’s General Urology . 18th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Lange; 2013:170–181.

R E V I EW E X E R C I S E S 1. A 23-year-old man is recovering after the acute phase of a cervical (C6) spinal cord injury with complete loss of motor and sensory function below the level of injury. He is now experiencing spastic bladder contractions with involuntary and incomplete urination. Urodynamic studies reveal spastic contraction of the external sphincter with urine retention and high bladder pressures. A. Explain the reason for the involuntary urination and incomplete emptying of the bladder despite high bladder pressures. B. What are possible complications associated with overdistention and high pressure within the bladder? 2. A 66-year-old woman complains of leakage of urine during coughing, sneezing, laughing, or squatting down. A. Explain the source of this woman’s problem. B. One of the recommended treatments for stress incontinence is the use of Kegel exercises, which focus on strengthening the muscles of the pelvic floor. Explain how these exercises contribute to the control of urine leakage in women with stress incontinence. 3. A 26-year-old woman makes an appointment with her health care provider, complaining of urinary frequency, urgency, and burning. She reports that her urine is cloudy and smells abnormal. A urine dipstick indicates the presence of infection, a urine sample is obtained for culture, and she is given a prescription for antibiotics. A. What microorganism is most likely responsible for the infection? B. What factors may have predisposed her to this disorder? C. What could this woman do to prevent future infection? R E F E R E N C E S 1. Tanagho EA, Lue TF. Anatomy of the genitourinary tract. In: McAninch JW, Lue TF, eds. Smith and Tanagho’s General Urology . 18th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2013:1–16. 2. Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology . 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:307–310. 3. Ross MH, Pawlina W. Histology: A Text and Atlas . 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011:723–725. 4. Birder LA, Ruggieri M, Takeda M, et al. How does the urothelium affect bladder function in health and disease. Neurourol Urodyn. 2012;31(3):293–299. 5. Anderson K-E. Neurophysiology and pharmacology of the lower urinary tract. In: McAninch JW, Lue TF, eds. Smith and