Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

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Control of Cardiovascular Function

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Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology . 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:157–254. Klabunde RE. Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts . 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012. Levy MN, Pappano AJ. Cardiovascular Physiology . 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2007. Norton JM. Toward consistent definitions for preload and afterload. Adv Physiol Educ. 2001;25(1):53–61. Rhoades RS, Bell DR. Medical Physiology: Principles of Clinical Medicine . 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/ Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013:212–325. Koeppen BM, Stanton BA. Berne & Levy Physiology . 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2010:287–414. Ross MH, Pawlina W. Histology: A Text and Atlas . 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011:400–430. Segal SS. Regulation of blood flow in the microcirculation. Microcirculation. 2005;12(1):33–45. Sherwood L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems . 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole; 2013:304–333. Smith JJ, Kampine JP. Circulatory Physiology . 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: J.B.Lippincott; 1989. Toda N, Okamura T. The pharmacology of nitric oxide in the peripheral nervous system of blood vessels. Pharmacol. Rev. 2003;55(2):271–324.

3. Use events in the cardiac cycle depicted in Figure 17-11 to explain: A. The effect of hypertension on the isovolumetric contraction period. B. The effect of an increase in heart rate on the time spent in diastole. C. The effect of an increase in the isovolumetric relaxation period on the diastolic filling of the ventricle. 4. Use the Frank-Starling ventricular function curve depicted in Figure 17-16 to explain the changes in cardiac output that occur with the following changes in respiratory effort: A. What happens to cardiac output during increased inspiratory effort in which a marked decrease in intrathoracic pressure produces an increase in venous return to the right heart? B. What happens to cardiac output during increased expiratory effort in which a marked increase in intrathoracic pressure produces a decrease in venous return to the right heart? C. Given these changes in cardiac output that occur during increased respiratory effort, what would you propose as one of the functions of the Frank-Starling curve?

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Balger P, Segal SS. Regulation of blood flow in the microcirculation: role of conducted vasodilation. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2011;202(3):271–284. Ellis CG, Jagger J, Sharpe M. The microcirculation as a functional system. Crit Care. 2005;9:S3–S8.

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