Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

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Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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C. Is this an example of active or passive immunity? Is it a primary or secondary immune response? 3. A 5-month-old child presents with thrush, a yeast infection of the mouth. In the last 2 months, he has had recurrent bouts of otitis media. His tonsils are very small. Laboratory analysis indicates a low lymphocyte count and no T lymphocytes. Further analysis indicates a genetic mutation in the T-cell receptor that affects maturation of all T cells. The final diagnosis is severe combined immunodeficiency disease. A bone marrow transplant is being pursued with cells from his HLA-matched sibling. A. Explain why infections were not present in the first few months of this child’s life. B. What would be the impact of an absence of T cells on both humoral and cell-mediated immunity? Abbas AK, Litchman AH, Pillai S. Cellular and Molecular Immunology . 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011. Akashi-Takamura S, Miyake K. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and immune disorders. J Infect Chemother. 2006;12:233–240. Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell. 2006;124:783–801. Bryant CE, Monie TP. Mice, men and relatives: cross-species studies underpin innate immunity. Open Biol. 2005;2:1. Available at: http://rsob.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/4/120015. Accessed November 20, 2013. Chapin DD. Overview of the human immune response. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(suppl 2):S2–S23. Clark R, Kupper T. Old meets new: the interaction between innate and adaptive immunity. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125:629–637. Goain A, Gamelli RL. A primer on cytokines. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2005;26:7–12. Hajishengallis G. Too old to fight: aging and its toll on innate immunity. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2010;25(1):26–37. Hoebe K, Janssen E, Beutler B. The interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Immunol. 2004;5:971–974. B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R. Regulation of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system. Science. 2010;327:291–295. Jiang H, Chess L. Regulation of immune responses by T cells. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1166–1176. Jones SA. Directing transition from innate to acquired immunity. J Immunol. 2005;175:3463–3468. Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity. Nat Immunol. 2010;11(3):373–384. Kumar H, Kawai T, AkiraS. Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system. Int Rev Immunol. 2011;30(1):16–34. Lanier LL. NK cell recognition. Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:225–274. Lasker MV, Nair SK. Intracellular TLR signaling: a structural perspective on human disease. J Immunol. 2006;177:11–16. Murphy K, Travers P, Walport M. Janeway’s Immunobiology . New York, NY: Garland; 2008. Ooi EH, Psaltis AJ, Witterick EJ, et al. Innate immunity. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2010;43:473–487. Rakoff-Nahoum S, Medzhitov R. Role of the innate immune system and host-commensal mutualism. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2006;308:1–18. Rossi M, Young JW. Human dendritic cells: potent antigen- presenting cells at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. J Immunol. 2005;175:1373–1381. Russell JH, Ley TJ. Lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity. Annu Rev Immunol. 2002;20:323–370. Sunyer JO, Boshra H, Lorenzo G, et al. Evolution of complement as an effector system in innate and adaptive immunity. Immunol Res. 2003;27:549–564. Turvey SE, Broide DH. Chapter 2: innate immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(suppl 2):S24–S32. Walport MJ. Complement: parts 1 and 2. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1058–1066, 1141–1144. Wright J. Immunoregulatory functions of surfactant proteins. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;5:58–68.

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