Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

Disorders of the Skeletal System: Trauma, Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood Disorders 1109

C h a p t e r 4 3

13. Englund M, Guermanzi A, Lohmander SL. The role of the meniscus in knee osteoarthritis: a cause or consequence. Radiol Clin North Am . 2009;47:703–712. 14. Scordino LE, DeBerardino TM. Biologic enhancement of meniscus repair. Clin Sports Med . 2012;31:91–100. 15. Dixit S, Burton M, Mines B. Management of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Am Fam Physician . 2007;75:194–204. 16. Brunner L, Eshilian-Oats L. Hip fractures in adults. Am Fam Physician . 2003;67:537–542. 17. Rocca GJD, Crist BD. Hip fracture protocols: what have we changed? Orthop Clin North Am . 2013;44:163–182. 18. Garcia RA, Klein MJ, Schiller AL. Bones and joints. In: Rubin R, Strayer DS, eds. Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine . 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012:1199–1272. 19. Rosenberg AE. Bones, joints, and soft tissue tumors. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, et al., eds. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Medicine . 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:1205–1256. 20. Patel DS, Roth M, Kaph N. Stress fractures. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83(1):39–46. 21. Marsell R, Einhorn TA. The biology of fracture healing. Injury. 2011;42(6):551–555. 22. Claes L, Recknagel S, Ignatius A. Fracture healing under healthy and inflammatory conditions. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8(3):133–143. 23. Hoover TJ, Siefert JA. Soft tissue complications of orthopedic emergencies. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2000;18:115–139. 24. Tull F, Borrelli J, Jr. Soft-tissue injury associated with closed fractures: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2003;11:431–438. 25. Köstler W, Strom PC, Sudkamp NP. Acute compartment syndrome of the limb. Injury. 2004;35:1221–1227. 26. King TW, Lerman OZ, Carter JJ, et al. Exertional compartmental syndrome of the thigh: a rare diagnosis and literature review. J Emerg Med. 2010;39(2):e93–e99. 27. Newton EJ. Acute complications of extremity trauma. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2007;25:751–761. 28. Akhtar S. Fat embolism. Anesthesiol Clin. 2009;27:533–550. 29. Arai F, Kia T, Nakai T, et al. Histopathologic features of fat embolism in fulminant fat embolism syndrome. Anesthesiology. 2007;107:509–511. 30. Pääkkonen M, Peltola H. Bone and joint infections. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2013;60:425–436. 31. Hatzenbuehler J, Pulling TJ. Diagnosis and management of osteomyelitis. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(9):1027–1033. 32. Chihara S, Segretti J. Osteomyelitis. Dis Mon. 2010;56:6–31. 33. Lew DP, Waldvogel FA. Osteomyelitis. Lancet. 2004;364: 369–379. 34. Smith MA, Dahlen NR. Clinical practice guideline surgical site infection prevention. Orthop Nurs. 2013;32:242–250. 35. Ludwig B, Lazarus AA. Musculoskeletal tuberculosis. Dis Mon. 2007;53:39–45. 36. Childs SG. Osteonecrosis: death of bone cells. Orthop Nurs. 2005;24:295–301. 37. Banerjee S, Issa K, Pivec R, et al. Osteonecrosis of the hip: treatment options and outcomes. Orthop Clin North Am. 2013;44(4):463–476. 38. Weinstein RS. Glucocorticoid-induced bone disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;365(3):62–70. 39. Weinstein RS. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and osteonecrosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2012;41(3):595–611. 40. Goytia RN, Salama A, Khanuja HS. Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis: potential treatment or serious complication? Orthop Clin North Am. 2009;40:223–234.

41. American Cancer Society. What Is Bone Cancer? 2013. Available at: http://www.cancer.org. Accessed October 4, 2013. 42. Arndt CAS. Neoplasms of bone. In: Kliegman LM, Stanton BF, St. Genelli JW, et al., eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 18th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:1763–1768. 43. Turcotte RE. Giant cell tumor of bone. Orthop Clin North Am . 2006;37:35–51. 44. American Cancer Society. Osteosarcoma. 2013. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/cancer/osteosarcoma/detailedguide/ osteosarcoma-treating-general-info. Accessed October 1, 2013. 45. Hayden JB, Hoang BH. Osteosarcoma: basic science and clinical implications. Orthop Clin North Am . 2006;37:1–7. 46. Ritter J, Bielack SS. Osteosarcoma. Ann Oncol. 2010;27(suppl 7):vii320–v11325. 47. Terek RM. Recent advances in the basic science of chondrosarcomas. Orthop Clin North Am. 2006;37:9–14. 48. Balamuth NJ, Warner RB. Ewing sarcoma. Lancet. 2010;12:184–192. 49. Potratz J, Dirksen U, Jurgens H, et al. Ewing sarcoma: clinical state-of-the-art. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2011;29:1–11. 50. Roodman GD. Mechanisms of bone metastasis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1655–1664. 51. Juan J, Pollock CB, Kelly K. Mechanisms of cancer metastasis to the bone. Cell Res. 2005;15:57–62. 52. Hershey MS. Toward new horizons: the future of bisphosphonate therapy. Oncologist. 2004;9(suppl 4):38–47. 53. Schoeneker PL, Rich MM. The lower extremity. In: Morissy RT, Weinstein SL, eds. Lovell & Winter’s Pediatric Orthopaedics . 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006:1158–1213. 54. Wells L, Schgal K. Torsional and angular deformities. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Genelli JW, et al., eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 18th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:2344–2351. 55. Sass P, Hassan G. Lower extremity abnormalities in children. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68:461–468. 56. Hosalter HS, Spiegel D, Davidson RS. The foot and toes. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Genelli JW, et al., eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 18th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:2335–2344. 57. Gore AI, Spencer J. The newborn foot. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69:865–872. 58. Kim HW, Park HW. The pediatric leg and knee. In: Weinstein SL, Buckwalter JA, eds. Turek’s Orthopaedics: Principles and Their Application . 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005:575–588. 59. Wells L, Schgal K. The knee. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Genelli JW, et al., eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 18th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:2351–2555. 60. Marini JC. Osteogenesis imperfecta. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Genelli JW, et al., eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 18th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:2437–2440. 61. Amor MB, Rauch F, Monti E, et al. Osteogenesis imperfecta. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2013;10:397–405. 62. Reid IR. Bisphosphonates: new indications and methods of administration. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2003;15:458–463. 63. Holsalter HS, Horn D, Wells L, et al. The hip. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Genelli JW, et al., eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 18th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:2355–2365. 64. Bracen J, Tran T, Ditchfield M. Developmental dysplasia of the hip: controversies and current concepts. J Paedriatr Child Health. 2012;46(11):963–972. 65. Storer S, Skaggs DL. Developmental dysplasia of the hip. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74:1310–1316.