Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

he musculoskeletal system includes the bones, joints, and muscles of the body together with associated structures such as ligaments and tendons. This system, which constitutes more than 70% of the body, is sub- ject to a large number of disorders causing pain and disability in people of all ages. The main discussion in this chapter focuses on injuries, infections, necrosis, and neoplasms of the musculoskeletal system. At the end of the chapter, disorders of skeletal growth and develop- ment in children are discussed. Injury andTrauma of Musculoskeletal Structures A broad spectrum of musculoskeletal injuries results from numerous physical forces, including blunt tis- sue trauma, disruption of tendons and ligaments, and fractures of bony structures. Many of the forces that cause these injuries are typical for a particular age group, activity, or environmental setting. 1 The most common causes of childhood injuries are falls, bicycle-related injuries, and sports injuries. Trauma resulting from motor vehicle accidents is ranked as the number one killer of adults younger than 45 years of age. Falls are the most common cause of injury in people 65 years of age and older, with fractures of the hip and proximal humerus particularly common in this age group. Disorders of the Skeletal System: Trauma, Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood Disorders 43 C h a p t e r T

Injury and Trauma of Musculoskeletal Structures Sports-Related Injuries Soft Tissue Injuries Joint (Musculotendinous) Injuries Strains and Sprains Dislocations Shoulder and Rotator Cuff Injuries Knee Injuries Hip Injuries Fractures

Classification Manifestations Diagnosis and Treatment Bone Healing Complications of Fractures and Other Injuries

Bone Infections and Osteonecrosis Infections—Osteomyelitis Pyogenic Osteomyelitis Tuberculosis Osteomyelitis Osteonecrosis Neoplasms Benign Bone Tumors Malignant Bone Tumors Osteosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma Ewing Sarcoma Metastatic Bone Disease Skeletal Disorders in Children Variations of Normal Growth and Development

Angular and Torsional Deformities Genu Varum and Genu Valgum Congenital Disorders Osteogenesis Imperfecta Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Congenital Clubfoot Juvenile Osteochondroses Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease Osgood-Schlatter Disease Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Scoliosis Types of Scoliosis Manifestations Diagnosis and Treatment

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