McKenna's Pharmacology for Nursing, 2e

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C H A P T E R 4 3 Drugs affecting blood pressure

BIBLIOGRAPHY

hypertension often has no signs or symptoms, it is called the silent killer. ■■ Essential hypertension has no underlying cause, and treatment can vary widely from individual to individual. Treatment approaches include lifestyle changes first, followed by careful addition and adjustment of various antihypertensive drugs. ■■ Drug treatment of hypertension is aimed at altering one or more of the normal reflexes that control blood pressure: diuretics decrease sodium levels and volume; sympathetic nervous system drugs alter the sympathetic response and lead to vascular dilation and decreased pumping power of the heart; ACE inhibitors prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II; ARBs prevent the body from responding to angiotensin II; renin inhibitors directly block the effects of renin; calcium channel blockers interfere with the ability of muscles to contract and lead to vasodilation; and vasodilators directly cause the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. ■■ Hypotension is a state of lower-than-normal blood pressure that can result in decreased oxygenation of the tissues, cell death, tissue damage and even death. ■■ Hypotension is most often treated with sympathomimetic drugs, which stimulate the sympathetic receptor sites to cause vasoconstriction, fluid retention and return of normal pressure. Knowing your strengths and weaknesses helps you to study more effectively. Take a PrepU Practice Quiz to find out how you measure up! ONLINE RESOURCES An extensive range of additional resources to enhance teaching and learning and to facilitate understanding of this chapter may be found online at the text’s accompanying website, located on thePoint at http://thepoint.lww.com. These include Watch and Learn videos, Concepts in Action animations, journal articles, review questions, case studies, discussion topics and quizzes. Healthcare providers and students may want to consult the following Internet sources: www.aihw.gov.au/cardiovascular-health Information on Australian Government, National Health Priority—Cardiovascular health. www.heartfoundation.org.au Information on research, alternative methods of therapy and pharmacology. www.heartfoundation.org.nz Information on research, alternative methods of therapy and pharmacology. WEB LINKS

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