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P A R T 6  Drugs acting on the endocrine system

BIBLIOGRAPHY Brown, E. & Lambert, K. (2008). Bisphosphonate infusions for hypercalcaemia of malignancy. European Journal of Palliative Care , 15(5) , 217–220. Burton, J. E. (2011). Hyperthyroidism. MEDSURG Nursing , 20(3) , 152–153. Crowley, R. & Gittoes, N. (2013). How to approach hypercalcaemia. Clinical Medicine , 13(3) , 287–290. Davoren, P. (2008). Modern management of thyroid replacement therapy . Australian Prescriber , 31 , 159–161. Farrell, M. & Dempsey, J. (2014). Smeltzer & Bare’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (3rd edn). Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Goodman, L. S., Brunton, L. L., Chabner, B. & Knollmann, B. C. (2011). Goodman and Gilman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th edn). New York: McGraw-Hill. Granjean, C. K. & McMullen, P. C. (2010). Hypercalcaemia: What constitutes reasonable follow-up? Journal for Nurse Practitioners , 6(9) , 691–693. Joshi, D., Center, J. R. & Eisman, J. A. (2010). Vitamin D deficiency in adults. Australian Prescriber , 33 , 103–106. LabPlus Auckland (2011). Test Guide. Auckland. Author. McKenna, L. (2012). Pharmacology Made Incredibly Easy , (1st Australian and New Zealand edn). Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McKenna, L. & Mirkov, S. (2014). McKenna’s Drug Handbook for Nursing and Midwifery (7th edn). Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Pettifer, A. & Grant, S. (2013). The management of hypercalcaemia in advanced cancer. International Journal of Palliative Nursing , 19(7) , 327–331. Porth, C. M. (2011). Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (3rd edn). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Porth, C. M. (2009). Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (8th edn). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Roberts, D. M. (2010). Management of renal bone disease. Australian Prescriber , 33 , 34–37. Sabry, N. A. & Habib, E. E. (2011). Zoledronic acid and clodronate in the treatment of malignant bone metastases with hypercalcaemia: Efficacy and safety comparative study. Medical Oncology , 28(2) , 584–590. Schenk, D., Donaldson, M. & Cheetham, T. (2012). Which antithyroid drug regimen in paediatric Grave’s disease? Clinical Endocrinology , 77(6) , 806–807. Weetman, A. (2013). Current choice of treatment for hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Prescriber , 24(13–16) , 23–33.

■■ Hyperthyroidism, or higher-than-normal levels of thyroid hormone, is treated with thioamides, which block the thyroid from producing thyroid hormone, or with iodines, which prevent thyroid hormone production or destroy parts of the gland. ■■ The parathyroid glands are located behind the thyroid gland and produce PTH, which works with calcitonin, produced by thyroid cells, to maintain the calcium balance in the body. ■■ Hypocalcaemia, or low levels of calcium, is treated with vitamin D products and calcium replacement therapy. ■■ Hypercalcaemia and hypercalcaemic states include postmenopausal osteoporosis and Paget’s disease, as well as hypercalcaemia related to malignancy. ■■ Hypercalcaemia is treated with bisphosphonates or calcitonin. Bisphosphonates slow or block bone resorption, which lowers serum calcium levels. Calcitonin inhibits bone resorption, lowers serum calcium levels in children and in people with Paget’s disease, and increases the excretion of phosphate, calcium and sodium from the kidney. Knowing your strengths and weaknesses helps you to study more effectively. Take a PrepU Practice Quiz to find out how you measure up! ONLINE RESOURCES An extensive range of additional resources to enhance teaching and learning and to facilitate understanding of this chapter may be found online at the text’s accompanying website, located on thePoint at http://thepoint.lww.com. These include Watch and Learn videos, Concepts in Action animations, journal articles, review questions, case studies, discussion topics and quizzes.

WEB LINKS

Healthcare providers and students may want to consult the following Internet source: www.osteoporosis.org.au Information on osteoporosis—support groups, screening, treatment and research.