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P A R T 4  Drugs acting on the central and peripheral nervous systems

Braun, A. R., Skene, L. & Merry, A. F. (2010). Informed consent for anaesthesia in Australia and New Zealand. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care , 38(5) , 809–822. Farrell, M. & Dempsey, J. (2014). Smeltzer & Bare’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (3rd edn). Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Gibbs, N. M. (2013). National anaesthesia mortality reporting in Australia from 1985–2008. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care , 41(3) , 294–310. Goodman, L. S., Brunton, L. L., Chabner, B. & Knollmann, B. C. (2011). Goodman and Gilman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th edn). New York: McGraw-Hill. McKenna, L. (2012). Pharmacology Made Incredibly Easy (1st Australian and New Zealand edn). Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McKenna, L. & Mirkov, S. (2014). McKenna’s Drug Handbook for Nursing and Midwifery (7th edn). Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Mitchell-Brown, F. (2012). Malignant hyperthermia: Turn down the heat. Nursing , 42(5) , 38–45. Murtagh, J. E. (2006). Managing painful paediatric procedures. Australian Prescriber , 29 , 94–96. Porth, C. M. (2011). Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (3rd edn). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Porth, C. M. (2009). Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (8th edn). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Sawhney, M. (2012). Epidural analgesia: What nurses need to know. Nursing , 42(8) , 36–42. Schnabel, A., Poepping, D. M., Kranke, P., Zahn, P. K. & Pogatzki- Zahn, E. M. (2011). Efficacy and adverse effects of ketamine as an additive for paediatric caudal anaesthesia: A quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. British Journal of Anaesthesia , 107(4) , 601–611. Wild, M. R., Gornall, C. B., Griffiths, D. E. & Curran, J. (2011). Maintenance of anaesthesia with sevoflurane or isoflurane effects on adverse airway events in smokers. Anaesthesia , 59(9) , 891–893.

WEB LINKS

Healthcare providers and students may want to consult the following Internet sources: http://allaboutanaesthesia.com.au Information for people about types of anaesthesia. www.anzca.edu.au Home page of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. www.painmanagement.org.au Home page of the Australian Pain Management Association. Information on pain management, research and education. www.spanza.org.au Home page of the Society for Paediatric Anaesthesia in New Zealand and Australia. BIBLIOGRAPHY Armstrong, B., Reid, C., Heath, P., Simpson, H., Kitching, J., Nicholas, J., Chan, L., Taylor, J. & Rush, H. (2009). Rapid sequence induction anaesthesia: A guide for nurses in the emergency department. International Emergency Nursing , 17(3) , 161–168. Brandis, C. (2011). Alkalinisation of local anaesthetic solutions. Australian Prescriber , 34 , 173–175. Braun, A. R., Leslie, K., Merry, A. F. & Story, D. (2010). What are we telling our patients? A survey of risk disclosure for anaesthesia in Australia and New Zealand, Anaesthesia & Intensive Care , 38(5) , 935–938.

C H E C K Y O U R U N D E R S T A N D I N G

2. Recovery after a general anaesthetic refers to the period of time: a. from the beginning of the anaesthesia until the person is ready for surgery. b. during the surgery when anaesthesia is maintained at a certain level. c. from discontinuation of the anaesthetic until the person has regained consciousness, movement and the ability to communicate. d. when the person is in the most danger of CNS depression.

Answers to the questions in this chapter can be found in Appendix A at the back of this book.

MULTIPLE CHOICE Select the best answer to the following.

1. The most dangerous period for many people undergoing general anaesthesia is during which stage? a. stage 1, when communication becomes difficult b. stage 2, when systemic stimulation occurs c. stage 3, when skeletal muscles relax d. there is no real danger during general anaesthesia