McKenna's Pharmacology for Nursing, 2e

C H A P T E R 1 5  Introduction to the immune response and inflammation 239

McKenna, L. (2012). Pharmacology Made Incredibly Easy (1st Australian and New Zealand edn). Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McKenna, L. & Mirkov, S. (2014). McKenna’s Drug Handbook for Nursing and Midwifery (7th edn). Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Peakman, M. & Vergani, D. (2009). Basic and Clinical Immunology (2nd edn). London: Churchill-Livingstone.

Porth, C. M. (2011). Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (3rd edn). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Porth, C. M. (2009). Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (8th edn). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Sompayrac, L. (2012). How the Immune System Works (4th edn). Hoboken, NJ; Wiley-Blackwell.

C H E C K Y O U R U N D E R S T A N D I N G

7. Treating fevers remains a controversial subject because: a. fevers make people feel ill. b. higher temperatures act as catalysts to many of the body’s chemical reactions. c. higher temperatures can suppress the body’s normal metabolism. d. higher temperatures can alter the body’s hormone levels, particularly that of progesterone. 8. After describing the function of T cells, the nurse or midwife would identify the need for additional teaching if the person stated that T cells become which of the following? a. cytotoxic T cells b. helper T cells c. suppressor T cells d. antibody-secreting T cells MULTIPLE RESPONSE Select all that apply. 1. Which of the following statements could be used to describe a neutrophil? a. They possess the property of phagocytosis. b. When activated, they release a pyrogen that causes fever. c. When the body is injured, they are produced rapidly and in large numbers. d. They are not capable of movement outside the circulatory system. e. They are most often seen in response to an allergic reaction. f. They float around in the blood and release chemicals in response to injury. 2. The inflammatory response is activated whenever cell injury occurs. An inflammatory response would involve which of the following activities? a. activation of Hageman factor b. vasodilation in the area of the injury c. generalised oedema and tumour development d. changes in capillary permeability to allow proteins to leak out of the capillaries

Answers to the questions in this chapter can be found in Appendix A at the back of this book.

MULTIPLE CHOICE Select the best answer to the following. 1. Antibodies: a. are carbohydrates. b. are secreted by activated T cells.

c. are not found in circulating gamma globulins. d. are effective only against specific antigens. 2. B and T cells are similar in that they both: a. secrete antibodies. b. play important roles in the immune response. c. are activated in the thymus gland. d. release cytotoxins to destroy cells. 3. Which of the following is not a cytokine? a. interleukin 2 b. antibody c. tumour necrosis factor d. interferon 4. As part of the non-specific defence against infection, a. blood flow and vascular permeability to proteins increase throughout the circulatory system. b. particles in the respiratory tract are engulfed by phagocytes. c. B cells are released from the bone marrow. d. neutrophils release lysosomes, heparin and kininogen into the extracellular fluid. 5. B cells respond to an initial antigen challenge by: a. reducing in size. b. immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies. c. producing a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell. d. producing new cells that become plasma cells and memory cells. 6. Interleukins are: a. chemicals released when a virus enters a cell. b. chemicals secreted by activated leucocytes. c. part of the kinin system. d. activated by arachidonic acid.

e. activation of complement f. production of interferon