Kaplan + Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry, 11e

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Chapter 31: Child Psychiatry

American, more than three times their representation in the general population. Whites make up approximately 48 per- cent, and Hispanics make up almost 15 percent of foster children; 55 to 69 percent are girls, and 83.4 percent enter foster care at a mean age of 3 years. Children placed in care as infants are more likely to stay in care. Those younger than 5 years of age currently comprise the fastest growing segment of the foster care population. Studies reveal that up to 62 per- cent of foster children had prenatal drug exposure. Needs of Foster Care Children Children entering foster care have enormous mental health needs; more than 80 percent of them have developmental, emo- tional, or behavioral problems. It is estimated that up to 70% of these children have diagnosable psychiatric disorders. In addition, according to one study, quality of life (QOL) is sig- nificantly poorer among children in the foster care system than children in the general community. Children and adolescents living in residential care rated their QOL as poorer than those living with foster families. Up to 50 percent of foster care chil- dren exhibit depressive symptoms, and self-reports of anxiety problems occur in about 36 percent. QOL is adversely affected by the presence of mental health problems, and those youth with greater mental health difficulties rated their QOL as poorer whether in residential facilities or foster placement. In a review of the literature, psychiatric disorders found with increased frequency in foster youth were attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), posttraumatic stress disorder, conduct dis- orders, attachment disorders, substance abuse, depression, and eating disorders. In addition to high rates of psychiatric disorders, foster care youth are referred to pediatric clinics more frequently due to multiple health problems compared to community youth. Growth abnormalities (including failure to thrive), neurologi- cal abnormalities, neuromuscular disorders, language disor- ders, cognitive delays, and asthma are prevalent. Health care costs in foster care youth are six to ten times that of matched non–foster-care peers. Among children 0 to 5 years of age, approximately 25 percent are seriously emotionally damaged; attachment disorders are increasingly diagnosed. Foster care children use the full range of mental health services: outpa- tient, acute inpatient, day treatment, partial hospitalization, and residential treatment. Adolescents in foster care are at increased risk for substance abuse, teenage pregnancies, and sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunode- ficiency virus (HIV). With public health care increasingly adopting a managed health care system, which is designed to limit care, grave concern exists that the provision and delivery of services to this medically and psychiatrically vulnerable population may be seriously compromised. Kinship Care for Foster Children More states are recognizing kinship care as an alternative place- ment option and are authorizing licensing and reimbursement to kinship caregivers who are generally female (mostly maternal grandmothers), of low income, of low education, and of minor- ity status. Currently, nationwide, approximately 23 percent of African American children are in foster kinship care. It is

31.19b Adoption and Foster Care According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Ser- vices, 408,425 children and adolescents were in foster care in the United States in 2010. Most children entering foster care have experienced multiple traumatic events including neglect, or abuse, which are typically the precipitant for their removal from their biological parents. One study estimated that 26 per- cent of children in the United States will experience a traumatic event by the age of 4 years. Over the last decade, specifically between the years of 2000 to 2010, the number of evaluations for suspected child maltreatment has increased by 17 percent, according to another study. Foster care is intended to be temporary out-of-home care, provided by the welfare system, for children and adolescents whose immediate families are unable to care for them. Given the severity of the pathology of vulnerable parents; however, care is often needed for many months and years. In 1997, Presi- dent Clinton signed the Adoption and Safe Families Act, a law designed to improve provisions for child safety, to decrease the length of time that a child remains in foster care without long- term planning, and to limit the amount of time in which a bio- logical parent has to undergo rehabilitation to 12 months. An additional law was added to allocate federal funds for indepen- dent living assistance for adolescents and young adults aged 16 to 21 to assist them in transitioning to independent living. Epidemiology and Demographics of Foster Care The number of children entering foster care due to maltreatment has risen in the last decade by 19 percent. Of those children who entered foster care, there was an increase of 60 percent in the number who were identified as emotionally disturbed. In the United States, one of the most common scenarios of children being placed in foster care involves parental substance abuse, which leads to inability of the parent to care for their chil- dren. The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse of Columbia University reported that seven of ten abused or neglected children had parents with substance abuse. Further- more, children in foster care were more often being raised by a single mother prior to placement compared to children in the community. Minority children are overrepresented in the foster care population. In a study utilizing birth records and child pro- tective service (CPS), black children were more than twice as likely to be referred due to maltreatment, be substantiated as victims of maltreatment, and enter the foster care sys- tem before age 5 years, compared to white children. How- ever, low socioeconomic black children had a lower rate of referral, substantiation, and placement in foster care than socioeconomically similar white children. Among Latinos, children of U.S.-born mothers were significantly more likely to have involvement with CPS, compared to Latino children of foreign-born mothers. However, after adjusting for socio- economic factors, the relative risk of referral, substantiation, and entry into the foster care system was significantly higher for all Latino children than for white children. Approximately 38 percent of children in the foster care system are African