Kaplan + Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry, 11e

1090

Chapter 31: Child Psychiatry

Table 31.1-4 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Period of Development

Cognitive Spatial Stages

Cognitive Achievements

Gestational

Fetus can “learn” sounds and respond differentially to them after birth Infants “think” with their eyes, ears, and senses Newborns can learn to associate stroking with sucking Newborns can learn to suck to produce certain visual displays or music Can remember for 1-mo periods Can play with parent by looking for partially hidden objects

Infancy: Birth–2 yrs

Sensorimotor Includes concepts:

Birth–1 mo

Reflective; egocentric (newer research refutes this)

4–8 mos

Secondary circular: looks for objects partially hidden Secondary circulation coordinated: peek-a-boo, finds hidden objects Tertiary circular: explores properties and drops objects Mental representation, make-believe play; memory of objects

8–12 mos

12–18 mos

Memory improves

18 mos–2 yrs

Body parts used as objects Can stack one object within another Remembers hidden objects Drops objects over crib Knows animal sounds; names objects Knows body parts and familiar pictures Can understand causes not visible

Early Childhood: 2–5 yrs 2–7 yrs

Preoperational Includes concepts: Egocentrism: “I want you to eat this too.” Animistic: “I’m afraid of the moon.” Lack of hierarchy: “Where do these blocks go?” Centration: “I want it now, not after dinner.” Irreversibility: “I don’t know how to go back to that room.” Transductive reasoning: “We have to go this way because that’s the way Daddy goes.”

Preschoolers use symbols Development of language and make-believe No sign of logic 3-yr-olds can count 2–3 objects; know colors and age 4-yr-olds can fantasize without concrete props

2–5 yrs

5- to 6-yr-olds get humor; understand good and bad; can do some chores 7- to 11-yr-olds have good memory; recall; can solve problems

Middle Childhood: 6–11 yrs 6 yrs onward 7–11 yrs Concrete operational Includes concepts:

Children begin to think logically Understand conservation of matter Frozen milk same amount as melted Can organize objects into hierarchies Children seem rational and organized

Hierarchical classification—arranges cars by types Reversibility—can play games backward and forward (e.g., checkers, triple kings) Conservation—lose two dimes and look for same Decentration—worry about small details, obsessive Spatial operations—likes models for directions Horizontal decalage—conservation of weight, logic Transitive inference—syllogisms; compare everything, brand names important

Adolescence: 11–19 yrs 11 yrs onward

Formal operational Includes concepts:

Abstraction and reason

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning; adolescent quick thinking or excuses Imaginary audience—everyone is looking at them Personal fable—inflated opinion of themselves Propositional thinking—logic

Can think of all possibilities