Kaplan + Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry, 11e

1085

31.1 Introduction: Infant, Child, and Adolescent Development

Figure 31.1-3 Hypertelorism. Note the wide distance between the eyes, flat nasal bridge, and external strabismus. (Courtesy of Michael Malone, M.D. Children’s Hospital, Washington, D.C.)

the number of active dopamine neurons in the midbrain area, and ADHD is associated with reduced dopaminergic activity in the brain. Smoking.  Smoking during pregnancy is associated with both premature births and below-average infant birth weight.

learning disabilities, intellectual deficits, and seizures. The incidence of infants born with fetal alcohol syndrome is about 0.5 per 1,000 live births. Some studies suggest that alcohol use during pregnancy may contribute to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Animal experiments have shown that alcohol reduces

Figure 31.1-4 Photographs of children with “fetal-alcohol syndrome.” A. Severe case. B. Slightly affected child. Note in both children the short pal- pebral fissures and hypoplasia of the maxilla. Usually, the defect includes other craniofacial abnormalities. Cardiovascular defects and limb deformities are also common symptoms of the fetal alcohol syndrome. (From Langman J. Medical Embryology . 7 th  ed. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins; 1995:108, with permission.)