Kaplan + Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry, 11e

( continued )

Has a strong smell, tastes sharp and bitter, and is poisonous None

Contradictory evidence; some refer to it as a gastric stimulant

Estrogen-like effects questionable because root may act as an estrogen- receptor blocker.

Use caution with drugs that mimic MAOIs

Used by chewing the nut; used in the past as a chewing balm for gum disease and as a None

vermifuge; long-term use may result in malignant tumors of the oral cavity.

Comments

Table 29.34-3 Phytomedicinals with Psychoactive Effects Name Ingredients Use Adverse Effects a Interactions Dosage a Arctic weed, golden root MAOI and b endorphin Anxiolytic, mood enhancer, antidepressant No side effect yet documented in trials 100 mg bid to 200 mg tid Areca, areca nut, betel nut, L. Areca catechu Arecoline, guvacoline For alteration of consciousness to reduce pain and elevate mood Parasympathomimetic overload: increased salivation, tremors, bradycardia, spasms, GI Avoid with parasympathomimetic drugs; atropine-like compounds reduce effect Undetermined; 8–10 g is toxic dose for humans.

0.05–0.10 mg a day; maximum

single dose is 0.20 mg

No known adverse effects. None No clear established doses exist.

Photosensitization Undetermined Tincture, 2–3 g/ day; drug, 4–6 g/day; extract, 1–2 g/day

1–2 g/day; over 5 g can cause vomiting,

headache,

dizziness,

cardiovascular collapse.

Drowsiness and sleepiness None Dosage is 1 tablet twice daily before meals with a gradual

increase to

4 tablets per day.

anticholinergic drugs; avoid with TCAs, amantadine, and quinidine

interaction with male or female hormones

Synergistic with

Possible adverse

arrhythmias,

xerostomia,

mydriasis, difficulties with micturition and constipation

Weight gain, GI disturbances

disturbances, ulcers of the mouth

Anxiolytic Tachycardia,

Biota, Platycladus orientalis Plant derivative Used as a sedative. Other uses are to treat heart palpitations, panic, night sweats, and

constipation. May be useful in ADHD. hypnotic

For PMS, menopausal symptoms, dysmenorrhea

Antioxidant, may decrease anxiety levels. Improved libido in men and women

stress hormone cortisol.

May lower levels of the

scopolamine, flavonoids b

Flavonoids, limonene Sedative, anxiolytic, Triterpenes, isoferulic acid

Ashwaganda Also called Indian Winter Cherry or Indian Ginseng, native to India. Flavinoids.

Atropine,

belladonna, deadly

Belladonna, L. Atropa

Bitter orange flower, citrus aurantium

Black cohosh, L. Cimicifuga racemosa

nightshade

1053