Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Ophthalmology table of

Wills Eye Color Atlas Series—Glaucoma, Third Edition

Edited by Douglas J. Rhee

Contributors

About the Series

Acknowledgments

Preface

Section I Glaucoma Diagnosis

Chapter 1

Introduction to Glaucoma Diagnosis

Douglas J. Rhee

Chapter 2

Basics of Aqueous Flow and the Optic Nerve

Arthur J. Sit and Douglas J. Rhee

Aqueous Flow

Importance of Intraocular Pressure

Brief Summary of Aqueous Physiology and IOP

Measurement of Aqueous Humor Dynamics

Optic Nerve

Chapter 3

Tonometry

Rajesh K. Shetty

Introduction

Goldmann Applanation Tonometer

Schiötz Tonometer

Perkins Tonometer

Tono-Pen

Pneumotonometer

Dynamic Contour Tonometry

Icare Tonometer

Chapter 4

Gonioscopy

Oscar V. Beaujon-Balbi and Oscar Beaujon-Rubin

Introduction

Direct Gonioscopy

Indirect Gonioscopy

Estimating the Anterior Chamber Depth

Anterior Segment I maging

Technique

Elements of the Angle Anatomy

Identification of Angle Structures

Classification of the Angle

Pigment Deposition and Gonioscopy

Pigmentary Glaucoma

Lens Pseudoexfoliation

Uveitis

Angle-closure Glaucoma

Iridocorneoendothelial Syndrome (ICE Syndrome)

Error Factors on Gonioscopy

Use of Gonioscopy in Trauma

Contusion Trauma

Angle Recession

Cyclodialysis

Iridodialysis

Traumatic Intraocular Foreign Bodies

Postoperatory Evaluation

Chapter 5

Anterior Segment Imaging

Sung Chul Park, Syril Dorairaj, Jeffrey M. Liebmann, and Robert Ritch

Introduction

Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Relative Pupillary Block

Plateau Iris

Phacomorphic Glaucoma

Malignant Glaucoma

Pseudophakic Pupillary Block

Pseudophakic Malignant Glaucoma

Open-Angle Glaucoma

Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Pigmentary Glaucoma

Exfoliation Syndrome

Other Conditions

Cyclodialysis Cleft

Iridociliary Cyst

Ciliary Body Tumors

Iridoschisis

Surgery and Glaucoma

Filtering Bleb

Glaucoma Drainage Implants

Aqueous Outflow Pathway

Chapter 6

Optic Nerve Imaging

Thomas D. Patrianakos and Michael C. Giovingo

Introduction

Stereophotography

Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy

Scanning Laser Polarimetry

Optical Coherence Tomography

Chapter 7

Glaucoma Imaging: Optic Nerve Head, Peripapillary and Macular

Zinaria Y. Williams, Fabio Lavinsky, Gadi Wollstein, Kimberly V. Miller,

Joel S. Schuman

Introduction

Functional Tests

Automated Perimetry

Glaucoma Progression Analysis

Electrophysiology Tests

Structural Tests

Photography

Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy

Optical Coherence Tomography

Chapter 8

Psychophysical Testing

Douglas J. Rhee, Tara A. Uhler, and L. Jay Katz

Introduction

Purpose of Test

Description

Common Optic Nerve Visual Fields Found in Patients with Glaucoma

Newer Psychophysical Testing: Frequency-doubling Perimetry and Short-

wave Automated Perimetry

Chapter 9

Blood Flow in Glaucoma

Brent Siesky, Alon Harris , Katie Hutchins, and Josh Gross

Introduction

Optical Coherance Tomography Angiography

Spectral Retinal Oximetry

Doppler Ocular Coherence Tomography

Confocal Scanning Laser Doppler Flowmetry

Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope Angiography

Fluorescein SLO Angiography

Indocyanine Green SLO Angiography

Color Doppler Imaging

Measurement of Ocular Pulsation (Pulsatile Ocular Blood Flow)

Section II Clinical Syndromes

Chapter 10 Introduction to Clinical Syndromes

Douglas J. Rhee

Chapter 11 Developmental Glaucomas (Congenital Glaucomas)

Oscar V. Beaujon-Balbi, Oscar Beaujon-Rubin, Claudia L. Pabon , and Douglas J. Rhee

Introduction

Primary Congenital Glaucoma

Glaucoma Associated with Congenital Anomalies

Aniridia

Axenfeld's Anomaly

Rieger's Anomaly

Rieger's Syndrome

Peter's Anomaly

Marfan Syndrome

Microspherophakia

Sturge–Weber Syndrome (Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis)

Neurofibromatosis (Von Recklinghausen's Disease and Bilateral Acoustic

Neurofibromatosis)

Congenital Anterior Staphyloma and Keratectasia

Sclerocornea

Ectopia lentis and Ectopia lentis et pupillae

Chapter 12 Primary Open-angle Glaucoma

George L. Spaeth and Daniel Lee

Introduction

Definition

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

History

Clinical Examination

Special Tests

Treatment

A Conceptual Approach to the Treatment of Glaucoma

Reversibility of Glaucoma

Chapter 13 Secondary Open-angle Glaucoma

Jonathan S. Myers and Scott Fudemberg

Pigment Dispersion Syndrome

Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome (PXFS)

Steroid-responsive Glaucoma

Chapter 14 Uveitic Glaucomas

Nicole Benitah, Ronald Buggage, and George N. Papaliodis

Introduction

Epidemiology

Etiology

Open-angle Mechanisms

Abnormal Aqueous Secretion

Aqueous Humor Proteins

Inflammatory Cells

Prostaglandins

Trabeculitis

Steroid-induced Ocular Hypertension

Closed-angle Mechanisms

Peripheral Anterior Synechiae

Posterior Synechiae

Forward Rotation of the Ciliary Body

Diagnosis

Management

Medical Therapy

Management of Angle-closure Glaucoma

Specific Entities

Fuchs' Heterochromic Iridocyclitis

Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis (Posner–Schlossman Syndrome)

Herpetic Keratouveitis

Syphilitic Interstitial Keratitis

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Lens-induced Uveitis and Glaucoma

Sarcoidosis

Chapter 15 Lens-associated Open-angle Glaucomas

Michele C. Lim and Ashley G. Lesley

Introduction

Lens Protein or Phacolytic Glaucoma

Lens Particle Glaucoma

Lens-associated Uveitis (Phacoanaphylaxis)

Phacomorphic Glaucoma

Chapter 16 Traumatic Glaucoma

Angela V. Turalba and Mary Jude Cox

Introduction

Traumatic Hyphema

Angle Recession

Cyclodialysis Cleft

Chapter 17 Primary Acute Angle-closure and Chronic Angle-closure Glaucoma

Christopher Kai-Shun Leung

Background

Primary Acute Angle Closure

Chronic Angle–closure Glaucoma

Plateau Iris

Chapter 18 Secondary Angle-closure Glaucoma

Douglas J. Rhee and Jamie E. Nicholl

Neovascular Glaucoma

Iridocorneal Syndromes

Aqueous Misdirection Syndrome (Malignant Glaucoma)

Chapter 19 Glaucoma Secondary to Elevated Venous Pressure

Douglas J. Rhee, Ribhi Hazin, and Louis R. Pasquale

Introduction

Carotid-Cavernous Fistula

Sturge–Weber Syndrome

Idiopathic Elevated Episcleral Venous Pressure

Other Causes of Elevated Episcleral Venous Pressure

Section III Glaucoma Management

Chapter 20 Introduction to Glaucoma Management

Douglas J. Rhee

What is the goal of treatment?

How do We Lower IOP in Glaucoma?

What may the future hold?

Chapter 21 Medical Management

Malik Y. Kahook and Douglas J. Rhee

Introduction

Description and Physiology

Alpha Agonists

Beta-blockers

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Hyperosmolar Agents

Miotics

Prostaglandins

Sympathomimetic Agents

Combination Agents

Technique of Drop Instillation

Chapter 22 Laser Trabeculoplasty

L. Jay Katz and and Daniel Lee

Indications

Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty

Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty

SLT as Initial Treatment

Chapter 23 Deep Sclerectomy Surgery for Glaucoma

Konrad Schargel, José I. Belda, and Konrad W. Schargel

Introduction

Studies

Surgical Technique

Postoperative Care

Conclusion

Chapter 24 Trabeculectomy, the Ex-Press Mini Glaucoma Shunt, and the Xen Gel Stent

Marlene R. Moster and Augusto Azuara-Blanco

Trabeculectomy

Surgical Technique

Intraoperative Application of Antimetabolites

Postoperative Care

Anti-VEGF Therapy for Bleb Vascularization

Bleb Needling

Complications

Ex-Press Mini Glaucoma Shunt

Surgical Technique

Xen glaucoma implant (AqueSys XEN Gel Stent (Allergan, Dublin)

Chapter 25 Glaucoma Drainage Devices

Laura A. Vickers, Nathaniel C. Sears, JoAnn A. Giaconi and Marlene R. Moster

Description

Surgical Technique

Postoperative Care

Complications

Chapter 26 Schlemm's Canal-based Surgery

Richard A. Lewis and Jacob W. Brubaker

Introduction

Indications

Canaloplasty

Trabecular meshwork ablating procedures

Technique: Trabectome

Technique: Gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT)

Technique: Kahoo Dual Blade (KDB)

iStent

Chapter 27 Cyclodestructive Procedures for Glaucoma

Marisse Masis, Shan Lin, Geoffrey P. Schwartz, and Louis W. Schwartz

Introduction

Indications

Contraindications

Techniques

Noncontact Transscleral CPC

Contact Transscleral CPC

Micropulse Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation (MP TCP)

Cyclocryotherapy

Transpupillary CPC

Endoscopic Cyclophotocoagulation

Postprocedure Care

Complications

Chapter 28 Late Complications of Glaucoma Surgery

Nathan Radcliff, Gabriel Chong, Francisco Fantes, and Paul F. Palmberg

Introduction

Hypotony

Hypotony Maculopathy

Shallow and Flat Anterior Chamber

Delayed Suprachoroidal Hemorrhages

Bleb Leaks

Giant Blebs

Bleb-related Infections and Use of Corneal Patches

Corneal Patching

Bleb Dysesthesia

The Failing Bleb: Encapsulation

Circumferential Bleb

Tube Shunt Erosions

Chapter 29 Supraciliary Microstent Surgery

Steven D. Vold

Introduction

Cypass Microstent

Index