The ASAM PAM, 7e - author list

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The ASAM Principles of Addiction Medicine

SEVENTH EDITION

Shannon C. Miller Richard N. Rosenthal Sharon Levy Andrew J. Saxon Jeanette M. Tetrault Sarah E. Wakeman

ASAM American Society of Addiction Medicine

Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.

The ASAM Principles of Addiction Medicine Seventh Edition

Senior Editor Shannon C. Miller, MD, DFASAM, DLFAPA Dayton VA Medical Center Clinical Professor of Psychiatry and Population and Public Health Sciences Boonshoft School of Medicine Wright State University Founding Co-Editor Journal of Addiction Medicine (2006-2016) American Society of Addiction Medicine Lieutenant Colonel, Retired United States Air Force Dayton/Cincinnati, Ohio Associate Editors Richard N. Rosenthal, MD, MA, DLFAPA, DFAAAP, FASAM Professor of Psychiatry Director of Addiction Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry Stony Brook University Medical Center Stony Brook, New York

Andrew J. Saxon, MD, FASAM Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, Washington

Jeanette M. Tetrault, MD, FACP, FASAM Professor of Medicine and Public Health Vice Chief for Education Section of General Internal Medicine

Program Director, Addiction Medicine Fellowship Associate Director for Education and Training Program in Addiction Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Sarah E. Wakeman, MD, FASAM Medical Director for Substance Use Disorder at Mass General Brigham Medical Director for the MGH Substance Use Disorder Initiative Director of the Program for Substance Use and Addiction Services MGH Division of General Internal Medicine Boston, Massachusetts

Sharon Levy, MD, MPH, FASAM, FAAP Chief, Division of Addiction Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital

Professor of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts

Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.

Dedicated to all people whose lives have been affected by addiction and related conditions and to those who care for them based on empathy, understanding, respect, and the best science available.

Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.

Section Editors

Anika Alvanzo, MD, MS, DFASAM, FACP Eastern Region Medical Director for Pyramid Healthcare, Inc. Physician Consultant to Behavioral Health Administration Maryland Department of Health Managing Partner of Uzima Consulting Group, LLC

Antoine Douaihy, MD Professor of Psychiatry and Medicine Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Robert L. DuPont, MD President Institute for Behavior and Health, Inc. Rockville, Maryland Babalola Faseru, MD, MPH

Baltimore, Maryland Sarah M. Bagley, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics Boston University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts William C. Becker, MD Associate Professor Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut J. Wesley Boyd, MD, PhD Professor Medical Ethics and Psychiatry Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Timothy K. Brennan, MD, MPH Chief of Clinical Services–Addiction Department of Psychiatry Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York Deepa R. Camenga, MD, MHS Associate Professor Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Martin D. Cheatle, PhD Associate Professor Department of Psychiatry and Anesthesiology

Professor, Family Medicine and Community Health Director, KU Tobacco Treatment Education Program Population Health Consultant Medical Epidemiologist Bureau of Health Promotion Kansas Department of Health and Environment Adjunct Faculty School of Health Professions University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas Deborah S. Finnell, PhD

Professor Emerita School of Nursing Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland

Maria Gabriela Garcia Vassallo, MD Assistant Professor of Psychiatry

Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Eric L. Garland, PhD, LCSW Distinguished Professor College of Social Work

Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Wilson M. Compton, MD, MPE Deputy Director National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institutes of Health University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah R. Jeffrey Goldsmith, MD, DLFAPA, FASAM Self-employed Biddeford Pool, Maine Adam J. Gordon, MD, MPH, FACP, DFASAM Elbert F. and Marie Christensen Endowed Research Professorship Professor of Medicine and Psychiatry Director, Program for Addiction Research, Clinical Care, Knowledge, and Advocacy Codirector, Greater Intermountain Node of the NIH NIDA Clinical Trials Network University of Utah School of Medicine National Director, Medication Addiction Treatment in the VA Initiative National Codirector Coordinating Center of the Interprofessional Advanced Fellowship in Addiction Treatment Director (Emeritus) Vulnerable Veteran Innovative Patient Aligned Care Team (VIP) Initiative Salt Lake City, Utah Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited. Bethesda, Maryland Dennis C. Daley, PhD Professor of Psychiatry (Adjunct) Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Smita Das, MD, PhD, MPH Clinical Associate Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford School of Medicine Stanford, California

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Section Editors

David A. Gorelick, MD, PhD Professor Department of Psychiatry University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland Jon E. Grant, MD Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois

Edward V. Nunes, MD Professor Department of Psychiatry Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York, New York Karran A. Phillips, MD, MSc Deputy Director Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Rockville, Maryland Darius A. Rastegar, MD

Sion Kim Harris, PhD, RN Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Ana Holtey, DO, MS Adjunct Assistant Professor Department of Psychiatry

Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Addiction Medicine Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Richard K. Ries, MD Professor of Psychiatry Director Addictions Division Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine

University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah

Seattle, Washington Corrine L. Shea, MA Executive Director Institute for Behavior and Health, Inc. Rockville, Maryland Daryl Shorter, MD Associate Professor Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Frank Vocci, PhD President and Senior Research Scientist Social Research Center Friends Research Institute Bethesda, Maryland Emily C. Williams, PhD, MPH Professor Department of Health Systems and Population Health University of Washington Seattle, Washington Sarah W. Yip, PhD, MSc Associate Professor of Psychiatry

Michael A. Incze, MD, MSED Associate Professor of Medicine Division of General Internal Medicine University of Utah Health Salt Lake City, Utah Amy J. Kennedy, MD, MS Acting Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of General Internal Medicine VA Puget Sound Healthcare System University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, Washington

Thomas R. Kosten, MD Waggoner Professor Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Pharmacology Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Catalina Lopez-Quintero, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Epidemiology

University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Paula Lum, MD, MPH Professor School of Medicine University of California, San Francisco

Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.

San Francisco, California Lisa J. Merlo, PhD, MPE Professor of Psychiatry University of Florida Gainesville, Florida

Contributors

Hoover Adger, MD, MPH, MBA Professor Department of Pediatrics Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland

Ayesha Appa, MD Infectious Diseases and Addiction Medicine Physician Department of Medicine University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California Nicholas Athanasiou, MD, MBA Associate Clinical Professor, Health Sciences Department of Psychiatry UCLA–Olive View Medical Center

Majid Afshar, MD, MS Assistant Professor Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison, Wisconsin

Los Angeles, California Sanford Auerbach, MD Director, Sleep Disorders Center Department of Neurology

Nassima Ait-Daoud Tiouririne, MD Professor of Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia

Boston Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts

Nicole Avena, PhD Associate Professor Department of Neuroscience Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York Thomas F. Babor, PhD, MPH Emeritus Professor Department of Public Health Sciences University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington, Connecticut Sudie E. Back, PhD Professor Department of Psychiatry Medical University of South Carolina Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina Ruben Baler, MsC, PhD Health Scientist National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Robert L. Balster, PhD Butler Professor Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Virginia Commonwealth University

Mona Al Banna, MB BCH, MSc (Res) Neurologist Cerebrovascular Institute

Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio

Daniel P. Alford, MD, MPH, FACP, DFASAM Professor of Medicine General Internal Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Rachel H. Alinsky, MD, MPH Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Steven Allen, MD Addiction Psychiatrist Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health Los Angeles, California

Hamada Hamid Altalib, DO, MPH, FAES Chief of Neurology VA Connecticut Healthcare System Associate Professor

Richmond, Virginia Declan T. Barry, PhD Associate Professor Psychiatry and Child Study Center Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Kristen J. Barry, PhD Emeritus Research Professor Department of Psychiatry

Department of Neurology Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut

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James C. Anthony, MSc, PhD Professor Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Michigan State University College of Human Medicine East Lansing, Michigan

University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan

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Contributors

Andrea G. Barthwell, MD President Department of Medical Encounter Medical Group, PC Chicago, Illinois

Snehal Bhatt, MD Associate Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico Richard D. Blondell, MD Professor Emeritus Department of Family Medicine University at Buffalo Buffalo, New York Frederic C. Blow, PhD Professor Department of Psychiatry

Michael H. Baumann, PhD Staff Scientist

Designer Drug Research Unit Intramural Research Program National Institute on Drug Abuse Baltimore, Maryland

Louis E. Baxter Sr, MD Executive Medical Director and CEO Executive Office Professional Assistance Program of New Jersey Princeton, New Jersey

University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Michael P. Bogenschutz, MD Professor Department of Psychiatry New York University Grossman School of Medicine New York, New York Cassandra L. Boness, PhD Research Assistant Professor Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, and Addictions Gilbert J. Botvin, BA, MA, MPhil, PhD Professor Emeritus of Psychology Department of Population Health Sciences Weill Cornell Medical College New York, New York J. Wesley Boyd, MD, PhD Professor Medical Ethics and Psychiatry Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Katharine A. Bradley, MD, MPH Senior Investigator Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute Seattle, Washington Kathleen T. Brady, MD, PhD Distinguished University Professor Department of Psychiatry University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico

William C. Becker, MD Associate Professor Department of Internal Medicine

Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut

Neal L. Benowitz, MD Professor Emeritus Department of Medicine University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California Lisa K. Berger, MSW, PhD Professor Social Work University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Anya Bershad, MD, PhD Resident Physician Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Nicolas Bertholet, MD, MSc Associate Professor Department of Psychiatry Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland Thomas J. R. Beveridge, MSc, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Physiology and Pharmacology School of Medicine Wake Forest University Winston Salem, North Carolina Manjit Bhandal, MD Psychiatrist Department of Psychiatry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California

University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina Jeffrey Bratberg, PharmD Clinical Professor Department of Pharmacy Practice University of Rhode Island Kingston, Rhode Island Hannan M. Braun, MD Assistant Professor

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Department of General Internal Medicine Denver Health and Hospital Authority Denver, Colorado

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Contributors

Alyssa Braxton, MD Addiction Psychiatrist Psychiatry Ralph H Johnson VA/Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina Timothy K. Brennan, MD, MPH Chief of Clinical Services–Addiction Department of Psychiatry Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York Lawrence S. Brown Jr, MD, MPH, FACP, DFASAM Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine Public Health Weill Cornell Medical College New York, New York Connor J. Buchholz, MPH, MS Clinical Research Coordinator Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Oscar Bukstein, MD, MPH Professor of Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Boston Children’s Hospital

Kenneth M. Carpenter, PhD Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology Division on Substance Use Disorders Department of Psychiatry Columbia University Medical Center New York, New York Emily R. Casey, BS, PharmD Pharmacist Department of Pharmacy Hospital of the University Of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Martin D. Cheatle, PhD Associate Professor Departments of Psychiatry and Anesthesiology Ahyeon Cho, MD Medical Student Department of Medicine Penn State College of Medicine Hershey, Pennsylvania H. Westley Clark, MD, JD, MPH Consultant Columbia, Maryland Marianne Cloeren, MD, MPH Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Jeffrey S. Cluver, MD Owner and Founder Cluver Psychiatric Group Charlestown, South Carolina Peter R. Cohen, BA, MD Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist Research and Instruction Institute for Research, Education and Training in Addictions Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania John J. Coleman, MS, MA, PhD Assistant Administrator (Retired) Operations U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Arlington, Virginia Jennifer A. Collins, PhD VP Operations Occupational Testing Services Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings Saint Paul, Minnesota Peggy Compton, RN, PhD Professor and van Ameringen Endowed Chair School of Nursing Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Boston, Massachusetts Chris Bundy, MD, MPH Executive Medical Director Washington Physicians Health Program

Seattle, Washington Gregory C. Bunt, MD

Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Psychiatry New York University Grossman School of Medicine New York, New York Megan E. Buresh, MD, DFASAM Assistant Professor Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Jessica B. Calihan, MD, MS Addiction Fellow

Department of Pediatrics Boston Children’s Hospital

Boston, Massachusetts Randy L. Calisoff, MD Physician Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Lake Villa, Illinois Deepa R. Camenga, MD, MHS Associate Professor Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics

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Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut

University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

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Contributors

Wilson M. Compton, MD, MPE Deputy Director National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland David J. Copenhaver, MD, MPH Professor and Chief, Division of Pain Medicine Director of Cancer Pain Management Director of Pain Medicine Tele-Health Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine UC Davis Medical Center Sacramento, California Edouard Coupet Jr, MD, MS Assistant Professor Department of Emergency Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Silvia L. Cruz, PhD Professor Department of Pharmacobiology Cinvestav Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico K. Michael Cummings, PhD, MPH Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina Dennis C. Daley, PhD Professor of Psychiatry (Adjunct) Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania John A. Dani, PhD Professor and Chair Itai Danovitch, MD, MBA Professor and Chair Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences Cedars-Sinai Los Angeles, California Smita Das, MD, PhD, MPH Clinical Associate Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford School of Medicine Stanford, California George De Leon, PhD Science Director, Behavioral Science Training NIDA Grant New York University Grossman School of Nursing New York, New York Department of Neuroscience University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Adam Demner, MD Director of Addiction Psychiatry Department of Clinical Neurosciences Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida Nicholas Denomme, BS, MS PhD Candidate Department of Pharmacology

University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Eric T. Dobson, MD Addiction Psychiatry Fellow Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina Coreen B. Domingo, DrPH, MPH, LMSW Assistant Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Gail D’Onofrio, MD, MS Professor Department of Emergency Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Dennis M. Donovan, BS, MA, PhD Professor Emeritus Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, Washington Antoine Douaihy, MD Professor of Psychiatry and Medicine Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Mark H. Duncan, MD Physician Seattle, Washington Robert L. DuPont, MD President Institute for Behavior and Health, Inc. Rockville, Maryland Paul H. Earley, MD Medical Director Georgia Professionals Health Program Atlanta, Georgia Steven J. Eickelberg, MD, DFASAM, FAPA Senior Behavioral Health Medical Director Arizona Complete Health Tucson, Arizona Department of Psychiatry University of Washington

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Contributors

Mahmoud A. El-Sohly, PhD Research Professor and Professor of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery National Center for National Products Research University of Mississippi Oxford, Mississippi

Marc Fishman, MD Medical Director Maryland Treatment Centers

Baltimore, Maryland Scott M. Fishman, MD

Honora Englander, MD Professor of Medicine Division of Hospital Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland, Oregon Tyler G. Erath, PhD Postdoctoral Fellow Vermont Center on Behavior and Health

Fullerton Endowed Chair in Pain Medicine Professor of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Secondary) Director, Center for Advancing Pain Relief Executive Vice Chair, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine University of California, Davis School of Medicine Sacramento, California Julianne C. Flanagan, PhD Associate Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina James H. Ford II, PhD Assistant Professor School of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin Madison Madison, Wisconsin Laura Morgan Frankart, PharmD, MEd Associate Professor Director of Education and Assessment Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science Virginia Commonwealth University

University of Vermont Burlington, Vermont Norah Essali, MD Acting Assistant Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington Seattle, Washington Xiaoduo Fan, MD, MPH Psychiatrist Department of Psychiatry University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School Worcester, Massachusetts

Luis C. Farhat, MD Graduate Student Department of Psychiatry Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP Universidade de Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil James L. Ferguson, DO Medical Director Recovery Management Solutions FSS/Vault Health Willow Grove, Pennsylvania

Richmond, Virginia Shelby Franklin, BS Research assistant Department of Psychology University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Minneapolis, Minnesota P. Joseph Frawley, MD Physician Private Practice Medical Group Inc.

Sergi Ferré, MD, PhD Senior Investigator Integrative Neurobiology Section National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program

Santa Barbara, California Jodi J. Frey, PhD, LCSW-C Professor

Baltimore, Maryland James W. Finch, MD Adjunct Professor Department of Family Medicine University of North Carolina Durham, North Carolina

Brandi C. Fink, PhD Associate Professor School of Social Work University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland Peter D. Friedmann, MD, MPH, FACP, DFASAM Associate Dean for Research Office of Research University of Massachusetts Medical School–Baystate Springfield, Massachusetts Marc Galanter, MD Research Professor of Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry New York University Grossman School of Medicine New York, New York Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Deborah S. Finnell, PhD

Professor Emerita School of Nursing Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland

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Contributors

Nan Gallagher, JD Managing Member Healthcare Division The Nan Gallagher Law Group Morristown, New Jersey Eric L. Garland, PhD, LCSW

David A. Gorelick, MD, PhD Professor Department of Psychiatry University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland Jon E. Grant, MD Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Kenneth W. Griffin, PhD, MPH Professor Department of Global and Community Health George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia Roland R. Griffiths, PhD Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Joel W. Grube, PhD, MS, AB Senior Research Scientist Prevention Research Center Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation Berkeley, California Paul J. Gruenewald, PhD Senior Research Scientist Prevention Research Center Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation Oakland, California Kimberly Guy Engagement Specialist Recovery Mentor Department of Psychiatry Program for Recovery and Community Health Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Carolina L. Haass-Koffler, PharmD, PhD Associate Professor Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Brown University Providence, Rhode Island Skylar Gross, MPH Project Manager Social Solutions and Services Research Nathan Kline Institute New York, New York

Distinguished Professor College of Social Work

University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah David R. Gastfriend, MD, DFASAM Chief Architect ASAM CONTINUUM(R) American Society of Addiction Medicine Rockville, Maryland Ashley N. Gearhardt, PhD Associate Professor Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Sarah Gilligan, MD, MS Assistant Professor Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah Mark S. Gold, MD Professor Department of Psychiatry Washington University in St. Louis

St Louis, Missouri Paula Goldman, MD

Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine Fellow Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania R. Jeffrey Goldsmith, MD, DLFAPA, FASAM Self-employed Biddeford Pool, Maine Adam J. Gordon, MD, MPH, FACP, DFASAM Elbert F. and Marie Christensen Endowed Research Professorship Professor of Medicine and Psychiatry Director, Program for Addiction Research, Clinical Care, Knowledge, and Advocacy Codirector, Greater Intermountain Node of the NIH NIDA Clinical Trials Network University of Utah School of Medicine National Director, Medication Addiction Treatment in the VA Initiative National Codirector Coordinating Center of the Interprofessional Advanced Fellowship in Addiction Treatment Director (Emeritus) Vulnerable Veteran Innovative Patient Aligned Care Team (VIP) Initiative Salt Lake City, Utah

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Paul S. Haber, MD, FRACP, FAChAM Clinical Director Drug Health Service Sydney Local Health District Camperdown, Australia

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Contributors

Scott E. Hadland, MD, MPH, MS Chief Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine MassGeneral Hospital for Children/Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts

Amy A. Herrold, PhD Research Associate Professor and Research Health Scientist Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Feinberg School of Medicine and Edward Hines Jr., VA Hospital Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois

Timothy M. Hall, MD, PhD Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Family Medicine University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California

Stephen T. Higgins, PhD Director Vermont Center on Behavior and Health

University of Vermont Burlington, Vermont Omari Hodge, MD Program Director Family Medicine Advent Health Wesley Chapel, Florida Kenneth Hoffman, MD, MPH Colonel (Retired) Medical Corps U.S. Army Rockville, Maryland

Benjamin Han, MD Associate Professor Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Care Department of Medicine University of California, San Diego San Diego, California Beth Han, MD, PhD, MPH Epidemiologist National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Colleen A. Hanlon, PhD Professor Departments of Cancer Biology and Physiology and Pharmacology School of Medicine Wake Forest University Winston Salem, North Carolina Roxanne F. Harfmann, MA Predoctoral Trainee Vermont Center on Behavior and Health

Kim A. Hoffman, PhD Assistant Research Professor Department of Internal Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland, Oregon

Mark Hrymoc, MD Addiction Psychiatrist Mental Health Center Los Angeles, California

University of Vermont Burlington, Vermont Sion Kim Harris, PhD, RN Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Karen J. Hartwell, MD Associate Professor

Martha J. Ignaszewski, MD, FRCPC Physician Psychiatry BC Children’s Hospital Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Matthew Iles-Shih, MD, MPH Assistant Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington Seattle, Washington Karen S. Ingersoll, PhD Professor Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences University of Virginia Health Charlottesville, Virginia

Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina Kathryn Hawk, MD, MHS Associate Professor Department of Emergency Medicine

Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Sarah H. Heil, PhD Professor Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Science Gwendolyne Anyanate Jack, MD, MPH Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Department of Medicine NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine New York, New York Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited. University of Vermont Burlington, Vermont

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Contributors

Steven L. Jaffe, MD Professor Emeritus Department of Psychiatry Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia

David Kan, MD Chief Medical Officer, Bright Heart Health Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Francisco Walnut Creek, California Lori D. Karan, MD, DFASAM, FACP Professor of Internal Medicine and Preventive Medicine Program Director, Addiction Medicine Fellowship Loma Linda University and VA Loma Linda Healthcare System Loma Linda, California Jeffrey Katra, DO, MA, AB Addiction Medicine Physician Private Practice University of Virginia Office of Pain Management and Opioid Stewardship Charlottesville, Virginia John F. Kelly, PhD Elizabeth R. Spallin Professor of Psychiatry in Addiction Medicine Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Acting Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of General Internal Medicine VA Puget Sound Healthcare System University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, Washington Jag H. Khalsa, MS, PhD Adjunct Professor Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Diseases School of Medicine and Health Sciences Boston, Massachusetts Amy J. Kennedy, MD, MS

Priya Jaisinghani, MD Endocrinology Fellow Department of Endocrinology NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine New York, New York Oluwole O. Jegede, MD, MPH Assistant Professor Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut David H. Jernigan, PhD Professor Department of Health Law, Policy and Management Boston University School of Public Health Boston, Massachusetts Indira G. Jetton, BS Medical Student School of Medicine University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland Kimberly Johnson, PhD, MBA, MSEd Associate Professor Department of Mental Health Law and Policy University of South Florida Tampa, Florida Abenaa Jones, PhD Assistant Professor Human Development and Family Studies Penn State: The Pennsylvania State University State College, Pennsylvania Christopher M. Jones, PharmD, DrPH, MPH Acting Director National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia Hendrée E. Jones, PhD Professor, Executive and Division Director, UNC Horizons Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina Ayana Jordan, MD, PhD Barbara Wilson Associate Professor of Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry New York University Grossman School of Medicine

The George Washington University Washington, District of Columbia Maliha Khan, MD Physician Department of Internal Medicine University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Therese K. Killeen, PhD, APN Professor Addiction Science Division Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina Charlestown, South Carolina Jason R. Kilmer, PhD Associate Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

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Adjunct Associate Professor Department of Psychology University of Washington Seattle, Washington Jungjin Kim, MD Medical Director of Alcohol, Drug, and Addiction Inpatient Program

New York, New York Laura M. Juliano, PhD Professor Department of Psychology American University Washington, District of Columbia

Division of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School Belmont, Massachusetts

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Contributors

Simeon D. Kimmel, MD, MA Assistant Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine

Eugene Lambert, MD, MBA Medical Director, Addiction Consult Team Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Mary E. Larimer, PhD Professor Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Psychology University of Washington Seattle, Washington Amanda Latimore, PhD Director Center for Addiction Research and Effective Solutions American Institutes for Research Center for Addiction Research and Effective Solutions Rockville, Maryland Bernard Le Foll, MD, PhD Professor and Chair Department of Family and Community Medicine University of Toronto Toronto, Canada Janet H. Lenard, EdD Counseling Psychology, MSSW, and Bachelors in Psychology/ Sociology Retired Department of the Army Civilian Clinical Quality Program Manager Headquarters, Installation Management Command Army Substance Abuse Programs San Antonio, Texas Frank T. Leone, MD, MS Director, Comprehensive Smoking Treatment Program Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Annie Lévesque, MD, MSc Assistant Professor Department of Psychiatry Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York Frances Rudnick Levin, MD Kennedy-Leavy Professor of Psychiatry Addiction Psychiatry Division on Substance Use Disorders New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York, New York

Sections of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center

Boston, Massachusetts Kaitlin R. Kinney, MSc PhD Candidate Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston Salem, North Carolina Barbara M. Kirrane, MD, MPH Medical Toxicology Consultant Department of Emergency Medicine Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center Livingston, New Jersey John R. Knight, MD Associate Professor (Ret.) Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Brian B. Koo, MD Associate Professor of Neurology

Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut George F. Koob, PhD Director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Nicholas C. Kortt, MBBS, BSc (Hons)

Advanced Trainee Gastroenterology Campbelltown Hospital Sydney, Australia

Thomas R. Kosten, MD Waggoner Professor Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Pharmacology Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Shyam Kottilil, MD, PhD Professor Department of Medicine Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland School of Medicine

Baltimore, Maryland Connor Kubeisy, BA MPH Candidate

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Department of Health Policy and Management Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Cambridge, Massachusetts Kevin Kunz, MD, MPH ADM Physician SUD Prevention and Treatment Team West Hawaii Community Health Center Kailua-Kona, Hawaii

Sharon Levy, MD, MPH, FASAM, FAAP Chief, Division of Addiction Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital

Professor of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts

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Contributors

Ty W. Lostutter, PhD Associate Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington Seattle, Washington Eric Lott, MD, FASAM Associate Program Director HonorHealth Addiction Medicine Fellowship Program Medical Director, Professional Medical Monitoring Program of Arizona Department of Addiction Medicine HonorHealth, Community Bridges Inc. Scottsdale, Arizona Scott E. Lukas, PhD Director, McLean Imaging Center and Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Lab Department of Psychiatry McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School Belmont, Massachusetts Katrina Mark, MD Associate Professor Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland

Myra L. Mathis, MD Assistant Professor Department of Psychiatry University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York

Pia M. Mauro, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health New York, New York Elinore F. McCance-Katz, MD, PhD Clinical Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Alpert School of Medicine Brown University Providence, Rhode Island Lauren McClain, MS Graduate Student

Department of Psychology University of Washington Seattle, Washington Emma E. Mcginty, PhD, MS Professor

Department of Health Policy and Management Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

Douglas B. Marlowe, JD, PhD Senior Scientific Consultant National Drug Court Institute National Association of Drug Court Professionals Alexandria, Virginia Silvia S. Martins, MD, PhD Professor Department of Epidemiology

Baltimore, Maryland Mark McGovern, PhD Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, California Jennifer McNeely, MD, MS Associate Professor Section on Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Use Department of Population Health Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Innovation Department of Medicine New York University Grossman School of Medicine

Columbia University New York, New York Megan E. Marziali, MPH, BSc Doctoral Student Department of Epidemiology

Columbia University New York, New York Suena H. Massey, MD Associate Professor

New York, New York John G. McNutt, MD Fellow Addiction Medicine Loma Linda University Loma Linda, California Lisa J. Merlo, PhD, MPE Professor of Psychiatry

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois David S. Mathai, MD Postdoctoral Research Fellow Department of Psychiatry Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Justin Matheson, PhD Postdoctoral Research Fellow Translational Addiction Research Laboratory Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, Ontario, Canada

University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.

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Contributors

Shannon C. Miller, MD, DFASAM, DLFAPA Dayton VA Medical Center Clinical Professor of Psychiatry and Population and Public Health Sciences Boonshoft School of Medicine Wright State University Founding Co-Editor

Edward V. Nunes, MD Professor Department of Psychiatry Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York, New York Patrick G. O’Connor, MD, MPH Dan Adams and Amanda Adams Professor and Chief, General Internal Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Department of Neurology N. Bud Grossman Center University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota Yngvild Olsen, MD, MPH Director Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Rockville, Maryland Deirdre O’Sullivan, PhD Associate Professor Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Brian L. Odlaug, PhD, MPH Researcher

Journal of Addiction Medicine (2006-2016) American Society of Addiction Medicine Lieutenant Colonel, Retired

United States Air Force Dayton/Cincinnati, Ohio Richard Montgomery, MD Attending Psychiatrist Schick Shadel Hospital Seattle, Washington Kenneth L. Morford, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine

Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut

Hamilton Morris, BSc Medicinal Chemist Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Saint Joseph’s University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Angela M. Mueller, PhD Postdoctoral Scholar Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California Hugh Myrick, MD Director, Military Sciences Division Department of Psychiatry Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) Charleston, South Carolina Edgar P. Nace, MD Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry University of Texas Southwestern Medical School Dallas, Texas Rohit Nalamasu, DO Physician Pain Management The Permanente Medical Group Oakland, California Emily Nash, BAppSc (MRS), MBBS (Hons), MPH Gastroenterology and Addiction Medicine Advanced Trainee AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown, Australia David E. Nichols, BSc, PhD Distinguished Professor Emeritus Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Purdue University School of Pharmacy West Lafayette, Indiana

Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania Anna Parisi, PhD, MSW Postdoctoral Research Associate College of Social Work University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah Elyse R. Park, PhD, MPH Professor Psychiatry and Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Theodore V. Parran Jr, MD Professor of Medical Education

Internal Medicine School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio Mallie J. Paschall, PhD Senior Research Scientist Prevention Research Center Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation Berkeley, California David L. Pennington, PhD Associate Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.

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Contributors

India Perez-Urbano, BA MD Candidate School of Medicine University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California Alyssa F. Peterkin, MD Assistant Professor General Internal Medicine

Miranda P. Ramirez, BA Graduate Student Department of Psychology University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky

Lynsie Ranker, PhD, MPH Postdoctoral Research Associate

Department of Community Health Sciences Boston University School of Public Health Boston, Massachusetts Darius A. Rastegar, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Addiction Medicine Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland

Boston Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts Petros Petridis, MD, MS Resident Physician Department of Psychiatry

New York University New York, New York Steven E. Pfau, MD Chief of Cardiology, West Haven VA Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Karran A. Phillips, MD, MSc Deputy Director Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Rockville, Maryland

Naveen Rathi, MD Resident Physician Department of Internal Medicine University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio

Richard K. Ries, MD Professor of Psychiatry Director Addictions Division Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, Washington Daniel Roberts, MD, MSW Resident Psychiatrist Department of Psychiatry New York University New York, New York Rachel L. Rosen, MS Clinical Fellow Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Richard N. Rosenthal, MD, MA, DLFAPA, DFAAAP, FASAM Professor of Psychiatry Director of Addiction Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry Stony Brook University Medical Center Stony Brook, New York Stephen Ross, MD Associate Director NYU Langone Center for Psychedelic Medicine Department of Psychiatry New York University Grossman School of Medicine New York, New York Fred Rottnek, MD, MAHCM, FAAFP, FASAM Director of Community Medicine Program Director for Addiction Medicine Fellowship Department of Family and Community Medicine Saint Louis University St. Louis, Missouri

Daniele Piomelli, PhD, MD Distinguished Professor Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology University of California, Irvine Irvine, California Marc N. Potenza, MD, PhD Professor Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and

the Child Study Center Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Steven Prakken, MD Chief Medical Pain Service Psychiatry Avance Health Care

Raleigh, North Carolina Wesley R. Prickett, MD Pain Physician Anesthesiology/Extended Care and Rehabilitation Department of Veterans Affairs Omaha, Nebraska James O. Prochaska, PhD Professor Emeritus

Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.

Department of Psychology University of Rhode Island Kingston, Rhode Island Janice M. Prochaska, PhD Consultant Prochaska Change Consultants Mill Valley, California

xviii

Contributors

Kevin A. Sabet, PhD, MS, BA Fellow, ISPS

Emmanuelle A. D. Schindler, MD, PhD Medical Director Headache Center of Excellence VA Connecticut Healthcare System West Haven, Connecticut Robert Schnoll, PhD Professor

Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Stanley Sacks, PhD Senior Research Scientist, Emeritus

Center for the Integration of Research and Practice National Development and Research Institutes New York, New York Corey Sadd, MD Physician Pulmonary and Critical Care University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Michael E. Saladin, PhD Professor Health Sciences and Research Medical University of South Carolina Charlestown, South Carolina Robert F. Saltz, BA, MA, PhD Senior Scientist Prevention Research Center Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation Berkeley, California Jeffrey H. Samet, MD, MA, MPH John Noble, MD, Professor of Medicine General Internal Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Friedhelm Sandbrink, MD Chief, Pain Medicine Neurology Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center Washington, District of Columbia Tanya C. Saraiya, PhD Assistant Professor Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey Adjunct Research Assistant Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina David Saunders, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry Columbia University–New York State Psychiatric Institute New York, New York Andrew J. Saxon, MD, FASAM Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, Washington

Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Frank J. Schwebel, PhD Research Assistant Professor Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, and Addictions University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico Ripal Shah, MD, MPH Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

Stanford University Stanford, California Samit M. Shah, MD, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Andi Shahu, MD, MHS Cardiology Fellow Section of Cardiovascular Medicine

Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Julia M. Shi, MD Associate Clinical Professor General Internal Medicine

Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Steven Shoptaw, PhD Professor Department of Family Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles, California Daryl Shorter, MD Associate Professor Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Lydia A. Shrier, MD, MPH Research Director and Codirector of the Center for Adolescent Behavioral Research Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.

xix

Contributors

Jason J. Sico, MD, MHS Associate Professor Department of Neurology and Internal Medicine

Tessa L. Steel, MD, MPH Acting Assistant Professor Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle, Washington

Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Marisa M. Silveri, MA, PhD Neuroscientist Associate Professor of Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry McLean Hospital

Randy Stinchfield, PhD Clinical Psychologist Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, Minnesota Kenneth B. Stoller, MD, DFAPA Associate Professor Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Susan Storti, PhD, RN, NEA-BC, CARN-AP President/CEO The Substance Use and Mental Health Leadership Council of RI Warwick, Rhode Island Joanna M. Streck, PhD Member of the Faculty and Staff Psychology Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School

Harvard Medical School Belmont, Massachusetts Kevin M. Simon, MD

Chief Behavioral Health Officer Boston Public Health Commission Pediatric Psychiatrist Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Boston Children’s Hospital

Addiction Medicine Specialist Division of Addiction Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital Instructor of Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts Jennifer T. Sneider, PhD Associate Neuroscientist Department of Psychiatry McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts David Spiegel, MD Jack, Lulu and Sam Wilson Professor and Associate Chair Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine

Boston, Massachusetts Kimberly Sue, MD, PhD Assistant Professor General Internal Medicine

Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Carol A. Sulis, MD Associate Professor of Medicine (Retired) Department of Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts John W. Sullenbarger, MD Associate Professor Department of Psychiatry Wright State University Dayton, Ohio Javier Ponce Terashima, MD Psychiatry Fellow

Stanford, California Gideon St.Helen, PhD Associate Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California

Andie Stallman, BS Research Assistant Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts Sharon Stancliff, MD Addiction Medicine Specialist Primary Care Project Renewal New York, New York Steven Stanos, DO Executive Medical Director Rehabilitation and Performance Medicine

Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut

Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited.

Jeanette M. Tetrault, MD, FACP, FASAM Professor of Medicine and Public Health Vice Chief for Education, Section of General Internal Medicine Program Director, Addiction Medicine Fellowship Associate Director for Education and Training, Program

in Addiction Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut

Swedish Medical Group Swedish Health System Seattle, Washington

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