Boyd 8e

Mental Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence * Valerie Griffin and Rebecca Luebbert 37

KEYCONCEPTS

• Attention • Hyperactivity

• Impulsiveness • Neurodevelopmental delay

• Tics

LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Describe mental disorders usually diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. 2. Discuss prevailing theories relevant to mental disorders in childhood and adolescence. 3. Examine the relationship between social determinants of health and mental disorders of childhood and adolescence. 4. Using a clinical judgment model, discuss the nursing care of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. 5. Using a clinical judgment model, formulate a person-­ centered, recovery-oriented nursing plan for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

6. Discuss the priority hypotheses for nursing care of children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. 7. Discuss epidemiology, etiology, medications, and nursing care of children with tic disorders. 8. Using a clinical judgment model, discuss the nursing care of children and adolescents with separation anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 9. Differentiate the nursing care of children and adolescents with mood disorders and schizophrenia with that of adults with similar disorders. 10. Discuss the significance of behavioral intervention strategies for children who have elimination disorders.

KEY TERMS • adaptive behavior • attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) • autism spectrum disorder (ASD) • communication disorders • conduct disorder • disruptive behavior disorders • dyslexia • encopresis • enuresis • intellectual developmental disorder • learning disorder • motor tics • oppositional defiant disorder • phonologic processing • separation anxiety disorder • Tourette syndrome • vocal tics

INTRODUCTION Psychiatric issues are less easily recognized in children than in adults. Typical growth and development behav iors of one age group may be a symptom of a disorder in another age group. For example, an imaginary friend is age appropriate for a 4-year-old child but not for an

adolescent. Despite the difficulty in diagnosis, an esti mated one in six youths in the United States experiences a mental disorder in a given year, with three million having serious thoughts of suicide (National Alliance on Mental Illness [NAMI], 2024). Among the most com monly diagnosed disorders in children and adolescents are attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

* In this chapter, “male” refers to an individual assigned male at birth, and “female” refers to an individual assigned female at birth. Also, “parent” refers to the primary caregiver of a child.

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