BRS

Contents

xi

12 LESIONS OF THE BRAINSTEM 176

Objectives 176

I. Overview 176 II. Vascular Lesions of the Medulla 176 III. Vascular Lesions of the Pons 177 IV. Lesions of the Midbrain 179 V. Decerebrate and Decorticate Rigidity 180 VI. Acoustic Neuroma (Schwannoma) 181

VII. Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia 182 VIII. Subclavian Steal Syndrome 182 Review Test 183

13 DIENCEPHALON: THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS 188

Objectives 188

I. Overview: The Thalamus 188 II. Boundaries of the Thalamus 188 III. Primary Thalamic Nuclei and their Major Connections 190 IV. Blood Supply of the Thalamus 192 V. Internal Capsule 192 VI. Blood Supply of the Internal Capsule 193 VII. Clinical Considerations 193 VIII. Overview: The Hypothalamus 194 IX. Surface Anatomy of the Hypothalamus 194

X. Hypothalamic Regions and Nuclei 194 XI. Major Hypothalamic Connections 197 XII. Major Fiber Systems 199

XIII. Functional Considerations 200 XIV. Clinical Considerations 201 Review Test 202

14 AUDITORY SYSTEM 207

Objectives 207

I. Overview 207 II. Outer, Middle, and Inner Ear 207 III. Auditory Pathway 209 IV. Efferent Cochlear (Olivocochlear) Bundle 211 V. Hearing Defects 211 VI. Tuning Fork Tests 212 VII. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response 212 Review Test 214

Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited. 15 VESTIBULAR SYSTEM 216

Objectives 216

I. Overview 216 II. Labyrinth 216