AAOS Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 4: Print + Ebook (AAOS - American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons)

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Contributors

L. Reid Boyce Nichols, MD, FAAOS, FAOA Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon Associate Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Nemours Children’s Health Wilmington, Delaware Luke Thomas Nicholson, MD

Javad Parvizi, MD, FAAOS, FRCS James Edwards Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Rothman Orthopaedic Institute

Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Ignacio Pasqualini, MD Oregon Shoulder Institute Southern Oregon Orthopedics Medford, Oregon Arpan Ajit Patel, MD Department of Neurological Surgery Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio Rina P. Patel, MD Assistant Professor of Clinical Radiology Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California Joseph T. Patterson, MD Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Keck School of Medicine of USC Los Angeles, California Monica Payares, MD, FAAOS, FAAP Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon Medical Director Cerebral Palsy and Neuromuscular Program Orthopedic, Sports Medicine and Spine Institute Nicklaus Children’s Hospital Clinical Assistant Professor Orthopaedic Surgery Florida International University- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine Miami, Florida

Assistant Professor of Clinical Orthopaedic Surgery Associate Program Director of the Residency Program Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Keck School of Medicine of USC Los Angeles, California Wendy M. Novicoff, PhD Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Public Health Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia Ryan M. Nunley, MD, FAAOS Associate Professor

Department of Orthopedic Surgery Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri Regis J. O’Keefe, MD, PhD, FAAOS Chair and Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri Reza Omid, MD, FAAOS Associate Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Keck School of Medicine of USC Los Angeles, California Jonas Owen, MD Assistant Professor in Orthopedic Surgery Department of Orthopedic Surgery Children’s Hospital Los Angeles University of Southern California Los Angeles, California Don Y. Park, MD, FAAOS Orthopaedic Spine Surgeon David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles, California Paul J. Park, MD Assistant Professor Department of Neurological Surgery

Dominic Pelle, MD Orthopedic Surgeon

Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Glenn B. Pfeffer, MD, FAAOS Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, California Terrence Philbin, DO, FAAOS Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Center Worthington, Ohio Copyright © Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited. 2023

Weill Cornell Medicine New York, New York

AAOS Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 4

© 2025 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons