AAOS Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 4: Print + Ebook (AAOS - American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons)

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Contributors

Melodie F. Metzger, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, California Max P. Michalski, MD, MSc Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

Thomas Edward Mroz, MD, FAAOS Chairman, Orthopedic and Rheumatologic Institute Director, Spine Research Lab Department of Orthopedic and Neurological Surgery Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio Raman Mundi, MD, MSc, PhD(c), FRCSC Assistant Professor Department of Surgery Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre University of Toronto

Los Angeles, California Emily M. Miller, MD Assistant Clinical Professor Departments of Family Medicine and Orthopaedics UCLA Division of Sports Medicine Santa Monica, California Gary A. Miller, MD, FAAOS Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center St. Louis, Missouri Anas A. Minkara, MD Orthopedic Surgeon Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Michelle Mo, MD, PhD Instructor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Toronto, Ontario, Canada John W. Munz, MD, FAAOS Associate Professor Chief of Orthopedic Trauma Department of Orthopedic Surgery UT Health Houston Houston, Texas

Surena Namdari, MD, MSc, FAAOS Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Fellowship Director Co-Director of Shoulder and Elbow Research Rothman Orthopaedic Institute Thomas Jefferson University Hospital Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Jeffrey J. Nepple, MD, FAAOS Associate Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Orthopaedic Surgery Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri Mai P. Nguyen, MD, FAAOS Assistant Professor Department of Orthopedic Surgery

Boston Children’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Nicole I. Montgomery, MD, FAAOS Assistant Professor Department of Orthopedic Surgery Texas Children’s Hospital Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Stephanie N. Moore-Lotridge, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee Marie T. Morris, MD Assistant Professor University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota Anne E. C. Nichols, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedics and Physical Performance University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York Copyright © Wolters Kluwer, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of the content is prohibited. 2023 Department of Orthopedic Surgery Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri

© 2025 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

AAOS Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 4